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# FOREST EUROPE

Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe

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## Posts

- [News](https://foresteurope.org/news/)
- [European forests continue to grow – but pressures are increasing](https://foresteurope.org/european-forests-continue-to-grow-but-pressures-are-increasing/) - Europe’s forests continue to expand and provide important economic, environmental and social benefits to society. Forest area, growing stock and overall wood increment have increased over recent decades, and forests continue to function as a carbon sink. At the same time, climate-related disturbances, changing age structures and increasing societal demands are placing growing pressure on
- [Green forest jobs in the future forests of Europe](https://foresteurope.org/green-forest-jobs-in-the-future-forests-of-europe/) - Under the Swedish Chairmanship, FOREST EUROPE is working to make green jobs in the European forest sector more attractive and to support forest education and international cooperation networks. This Policy Brief presents the challenges, past recommendations, their uptake across Pan-Europe, and future directions for green forest jobs in the forests of Europe. “The Policy Brief
- [Policy brief on forest-based geopolitical preparedness in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/policy-brief-on-forest-based-geopolitical-preparedness-in-europe/) - Under the Swedish Chairmanship of FOREST EUROPE 2025–2026, the Work Programme highlights the importance of maintaining flexibility and preparedness to address “new and emerging issues” affecting Europe’s forests and the forest sector. In this context, the need for sustainable forests for resilient societies, as well as forest-based geopolitical preparedness in a rapidly changing security environment,
- [Efficient use of resources in focus at webinar on Europe's future bioeconomy](https://foresteurope.org/efficient-use-of-resources-in-focus-at-webinar-on-europes-future-bioeconomy/) - How can Europe make the most of its biological resources while meeting growing demands for climate action, biodiversity, food security, energy and economic development? These questions were at the centre of the June webinar of the State of Europe's Forests 2025 webinar series. Bringing together experts from Sweden, France and Austria, the discussion explored how
- [FOREST EUROPE launches Forest Friends for Ukraine initiative](https://foresteurope.org/forest-europe-launches-forest-friends-for-ukraine-initiative/) - The Stockholm Ministerial Conference marked the official kick-off for the Forest Friends for Ukraine (FFU) initiative. Together with Taras Vysotskyi, Deputy Minister of Economy, Environment and Agriculture of Ukraine, Viktor Smal, Head of the State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine, and FOREST EUROPE, a first information meeting was held already in May. The initiative stems
- [The Ministerial Conference: Cooperation, knowledge and resilience at the heart of Europe’s forest future](https://foresteurope.org/cooperation-knowledge-and-resilience-at-the-heart-of-europes-forest-future/) - More than 130 participants from over 30 countries and the European Commission gathered in Stockholm for the tenth FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference, culminating in the signing of the Stockholm Ministerial Declaration. More than 130 participants, including ministers, state secretaries, policymakers, researchers, international organisations, observer organisations and forest-sector representatives from over 30 countries, gathered in Stockholm
- [Welcoming Albania as the incoming Chair of FOREST EUROPE](https://foresteurope.org/welcoming-albania-as-the-incoming-chair-of-forest-europe/) - As FOREST EUROPE prepares for its next chapter, we warmly welcome Albania as the incoming Chair of the process. At the 10th FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference in Stockholm, Albania's Minister of Environment, Sofjan Jaupaj, presented Albania's vision for the years ahead. Minister Jaupaj described the candidacy as being about “assuming responsibility, building consensus, strengthening cooperation
- [Ministers and experts to gather on the future of Europe’s forests](https://foresteurope.org/ministers-and-experts-to-gather-on-the-future-of-europes-forests/) - At a time of growing environmental, societal and geopolitical uncertainty, ministers, policymakers, researchers and stakeholders from more than 30 countries across Europe will gather in Stockholm, Sweden, on 2–3 June under the theme “Sustainable Forests for Resilient Societies”. The tenth FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference will provide a high-level platform for dialogue on the future of
- [Forest damage in Europe – from reactive responses towards more proactive approaches](https://foresteurope.org/forest-damage-in-europe-from-reactive-responses-towards-more-proactive-approaches/) - Forest damage is increasing across Europe, driven by climate change, extreme events and biotic threats. This trend is also reflected in the findings of the State of Europe’s Forests 2025 (SoEF 2025), which point to growing pressures on forest ecosystems and increasing impacts on their capacity to deliver key functions. At a recent FOREST EUROPE
- [Why consistent forest data matters – analysis of reporting rates](https://foresteurope.org/why-consistent-forest-data-matters-analysis-of-reporting-rates/) - Under the Swedish Chairmanship, FOREST EUROPE is working to improve the consistency and comparability of reporting on quantitative indicators for Sustainable Forest Management, as a foundation for credible, policy-relevant forest data and informed decision-making at national and pan-European levels. Our latest report presents the first step in a roadmap developed to address these challenges: a
- [ERIAFF joins FOREST EUROPE as new Observer](https://foresteurope.org/eriaff-joins-forest-europe-as-new-observer/) - Photo: Alain de Schütter During a recent Expert Level Meeting, the Network of European Regions for Innovation in Agriculture, Food and Forestry (ERIAFF) was accepted as an Observer to the FOREST EUROPE process. ERIAFF brings together regions from across Europe with a strong mandate in agriculture, food systems and forestry. Its participation as an Observer
- [The State of Europe's Forests 2025  – condition, management, and use of forest resources across Europe](https://foresteurope.org/the-state-of-europes-forests-2025-available-now/) - The State of Europe's Forests 2025 report (SoEF 2025) provides a comprehensive overview of the condition, management, and use of forest resources across Europe.
- [Release of the SoEF 2025 Report on 27 March](https://foresteurope.org/release-of-the-soef-2025-report-on-27-march/) - We are pleased to announce the release of the State of Europe’s Forests 2025 Report (SoEF 2025) – Forest Europe's flagship report. Save-the-date: 27 March.
- [Japan draws inspiration from pan-European work on Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/japan-draws-inspiration-from-pan-european-work-on-sustainable-forest-management/) - The pan-European work on Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) continues to resonate beyond Europe. A recent example comes from Japan, where researchers at the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) have translated the FOREST EUROPE report “Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe” (2020) into Japanese.
- [The Swedish forest as a strategic resource for climate, economy, and biodiversity](https://foresteurope.org/the-swedish-forest-as-a-strategic-resource-for-climate-economy-and-biodiversity/) - Sweden is the fourth and final country featured in this series on countries represented in the Forest Europe's General Coordinating Committee (GCC), alongside Germany, Albania and UK. Here Liselott Eriksson, Senior Advisor at the Ministry of Rural Affairs and Infrastructure gives us a picture of the Swedish forests and forest policy.
- [Managing UK forests for the future – sustainability, resilience and climate commitments](https://foresteurope.org/managing-uk-forests-for-the-future-sustainability-resilience-and-climate-commitments/) - The United Kingdom is one of the countries represented on the General Coordinating Committee of Forest Europe. Elaine Dick, International Forestry Advisor at Forest Research and Forest Europe focal point, talks about the importance of sustainable forest management in the UK and describes some of the unique features of forests and woodlands in England, Scotland,
- [Forest-based geopolitical preparedness - watch the webinar recording](https://foresteurope.org/forest-based-geopolitical-preparedness-watch-the-webinar-recording/)
- [Strengthening support for Ukraine's Forests – proposal for a multi-donor trust fund](https://foresteurope.org/strengthening-support-for-ukraines-forests-proposal-for-a-multi-donor-trust-fund/) - At the Forest Europe Expert Level Meeting held in Brussels in December, participants discussed the Ukrainian Foresters Initiative calling for support,presented by Vasyl Masyuk, forestry expert and member of the Public Council at the State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine.
- [35 years of pan-European cooperation for Europe’s forests](https://foresteurope.org/35-years-of-pan-european-cooperation/) - In 1990, as forest dieback and acid rain threatened European ecosystems, ministers from across the continent gathered in Strasbourg. Their goal was ambitious: to collaborate voluntarily on protecting Europe’s forests.
- [Forests are strategic assets for Europe’s resilience](https://foresteurope.org/forests-are-strategic-assets-for-europes-resilience/) - The High-Level Political Dialogue on "Forest-based geopolitical preparedness" explored Europe’s shifting security landscape. The tone is set by the presenters from four countries with very different experiences: forests are an essential readiness infrastructure.
- [SoEF 2025 release timeline adjusted to deliver maximum policy value](https://foresteurope.org/soef-2025-release-timeline-adjusted-to-deliver-maximum-policy-value/) - The release of the State of Europe’s Forests (SoEF) 2025 has been rescheduled, following a joint decision by the FOREST EUROPE General Coordination Committee.
- [Achievements in the Workstream on Sustainable Forest Management during the first six months of chairmanship](https://foresteurope.org/achievements-in-the-workstream-on-sustainable-forest-management-during-the-first-six-months-of-chairmanship/) - ix months into Liaison Unit Sweden’s chairmanship, the implementation of the Forest Europe Work Programme 2025–2026 is in full swing. Two main workstreams guide the efforts: one focusing on advancing Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and the other on keeping Forest Europe fit for the future. Here's an update on progress so far, and a glimpse of what’s ahead.
- [Achievements in the Workstream “Keeping Forest Europe fit for the future” during the first six months of chairmanship](https://foresteurope.org/achievements-in-the-workstream-keeping-forest-europe-fit-for-the-future-during-the-first-six-months-of-chairmanship/) - Six months into Liaison Unit Sweden’s chairmanship, momentum is building across the Forest Europe Work Programme 2025–2026. This update focuses on progress made so far and what lies ahead in the workstream “Keeping Forest Europe fit for the Future.” Johanna From, you are the project manager for this workstream. What key milestones have been reached?
- [Albania puts forest damage and recreational opportunities in the limelight](https://foresteurope.org/albania-puts-forest-damage-and-recreational-opportunities-in-the-limelight/) - Albania is one of four countries represented in the General Coordinating Committee (GCC) of Forest Europe, alongside Germany, UK, and Sweden. To better understand Albania’s priorities, we asked Artur Kala, General Director of the National Forestry Agency, to share which indicators currently are especially relevant for their country. Albania's engagement in Forest Europe shows how
- [Germanys Forests: A densely populated country with expanding woodlands](https://foresteurope.org/germanys-forests-a-densely-populated-country-with-expanding-woodlands/) - Germany is one of the countries in the General Coordinating Committee of Forest Europe. Vera Steinberg at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Regional Identity shares her view on Forest Europe, Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and some facts about the German forests. Germany is a densely populated country that has nevertheless managed to sustain
- [Reflections from Sweden on the Expert Level Meeting in Stockholm](https://foresteurope.org/reflections-from-sweden-on-the-expert-level-meeting-in-stockholm/) - The Expert Level Meeting (ELM) held in Stockholm on 24–25 September 2025 brought together representatives from Forest Europe signatories and observers to advance the implementation of the Work Programme 2025–2026. At the previous ELM in April the Forest Europe Work Programme for the two-year term under Swedish chairmanship was formally adopted. Building on that momentum
- [Welcoming ETC-UMA as new Forest Europe Observer   ](https://foresteurope.org/welcoming-etc-uma-as-new-forest-europe-observer/) - During the Expert Level Meeting, the European Topic Centre for Spatial Analysis and Synthesis (ETC-UMA) was accepted as a Forest Europe Observer. ETC-UMA) is an international research centre based at the University of Malaga (Spain) since 2010 engaged in the development of environmental knowledge to support evidence-based policy and decision-making. Researchers at ETC-UMA are part
- [Work Programme 2025-2026 adopted at the Expert Level Meeting](https://foresteurope.org/work-programme-2025-2026-adopted-at-the-expert-level-meeting/) - During a well-attended Expert Level Meeting, the Work Programme for Forest Europe over the next two years was formally adopted. The meeting showed great commitment and engagement to the task of Forest Europe; to strengthen Sustainable Forest Management. This important task during Sweden’s chairmanship is emphasized by the Swedish Minister for Rural Affairs, Peter Kullgren.
- [Coming to life -  FoRISK begins its work with approved working modalities framework](https://foresteurope.org/coming-to-life-forisk-begins-its-work-with-approved-working-modalities-framework/) - The endorsement of the Bonn Ministerial Decision by the Forest Europe Ministers at the 9th Forest Europe Ministerial Conference marked the beginning of the Forest Risk Facility (FoRISK), hosted by the European Forest Institute, Bonn. Three months into its establishment, the Secretariat is working towards making FoRISK a key platform for knowledge exchange as well
- [Sweden Takes Over the Chairmanship of FOREST EUROPE!](https://foresteurope.org/sweden-takes-over-the-chairmanship-of-forest-europe/) - The Liaison Unit Sweden (LUS) is now fully established. Under the leadership of Ms. Ebba Henning Planck, the unit is eager to address the challenges and opportunities of the coming two years. The focus of the 2025–2026 Chairmanship will include: Advancing sustainable forest management, with evolving criteria and indicators at the forefront. This workstream, led
- [Key outcomes of the 9th Ministerial Conference - Shaping our future with resilient forests](https://foresteurope.org/key-outcomes-of-the-9th-ministerial-conference-shaping-our-future-with-resilient-forests/) - The 9th Ministerial Conference of FOREST EUROPE, held on October 1st and 2nd near Bonn, gathered more than 160 delegates from 34 European countries, the European Commission, Australia and 24 observer organizations. This diverse group came together with a shared mission: to shape the future of Sustainable Forest Management. In the face of growing environmental
- [Are European forests fit for the future? A short story about European Forests](https://foresteurope.org/are-european-forests-fit-for-the-future-a-short-story-about-european-forests/) - As part of the lead-up to the 9th FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference, we are excited to share a collection of short stories that delve into the complexities of European forests and the pressing questions surrounding their management. Authored by independent experts engaged by the Liaison Unit Bonn, these stories are designed to provoke thought and discourse
- [Our 9th Ministerial Conference concluded with the signature of the Bonn Ministerial Decision and Delcaration](https://foresteurope.org/our-9th-ministerial-conference-concluded-with-the-signature-of-the-bonn-ministerial-decision-and-delcaration/) - With the signature of 35 signature countries and the full support of more than 20 observer organizations, FOREST EUROPE proudly announces that the Bonn Ministerial Decision and the Bonn Ministerial Declaration are now officially signed and submitted.
- [Warming up the 9th Ministerial Conference: Implementation of the FOREST EUROPE Commitments (2021-2024)](https://conference.foresteurope.org/warming-up-the-9th-ministerial-conference-implementation-of-the-forest-europe-commitments-2021-2024/) - Although FOREST EUROPE is a voluntary process, the commitments made at our Ministerial Conferences are taken seriously and integrated into national policies by our signatories. How can you check it?
- [World Youth Skills Day: Insights from IFSA Members on Working with FOREST EUROPE](https://foresteurope.org/world-youth-skills-day-insights-from-ifsa-members-on-working-with-forest-europe/) - In celebration of World Youth Skills Day, we bring you stories from five exceptional young professionals from the International Forestry Students' Association (IFSA) who have worked closely with FOREST EUROPE in the past three years as part of the German chairmanship of this political process. These experiences highlight how FOREST EUROPE has supported their development,
- [Gearing up for the 9th Ministerial Conference: FOREST EUROPE’s Expert Level Meeting set the stage](https://conference.foresteurope.org/gearing-up-for-the-9th-ministerial-conference-forest-europes-expert-level-meeting-set-the-stage/) - The last Expert Level Meeting (ELM) under German chairmanship took place in Freising, close to Munich, from 4-5 June 2024 and brought together 47 representatives from 26 signatory countries, the European Commission, and nine observer organizations. This gathering was pivotal in discussing and shaping the future of sustainable forest management (SFM) and forest risk reduction in
- [Drought adaptation of Forests in Europe – Practical Strategies](https://foresteurope.org/drought-adaptation-of-forests-in-europe-practical-strategies/) - Extreme droughts are expected to increase in frequency and severity and together with rising temperatures weaken trees, threatening forest ecosystems and the services provided. Extensive tree dieback and mortality related to drought have already been detected across the globe and require more effective strategies to adapt forests to such droughts and increasing forest resistance and
- [Report on Novel Green Forest Jobs in pan-Europe is published!](https://foresteurope.org/report-on-novel-green-forest-jobs-in-pan-europe-is-published/) - Curious to read more about the transformation of the forestry sector and related jobs? Do you want to learn about perceptions of Novel Green Forest Jobs (what actually are those?) and how different countries treat them? Your curiosity can be satisfied. Our new report, written by the Expert Group of Green Jobs by FOREST EUROPE,
- [Expert Group Meeting "Green Forest Jobs" paves the way for a sustainable forest sector](https://foresteurope.org/expert-group-meeting-green-forest-jobs-paves-the-way-for-a-sustainable-forest-sector/) - In April, the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on Green Forest Jobs gathered in Arnsberg, Germany, at the invitation of "Wald und Holz NRW." Against the backdrop of Arnsberg's natural beauty, experts from across Europe came together to explore ways towards a greener and more sustainable forest sector. During the meeting, the focal points were the
- [Spotlight on genetic diversity: an unseen ally in adapting forests to drought](https://foresteurope.org/spotlight-on-genetic-diversity-an-unseen-ally-in-adapting-forests-to-drought/) - Drought events are expected to be more frequent and more extreme in the forthcoming decades due to climate change. Already in the past decade we have seen in Europe some of the most severe droughts on record. Leading to dramatic forest tree dieback in Europe. Many forest tree species are affected, even rather drought-resistant sessile
- [Improving biodiversity monitoring in sustainable forest management](https://foresteurope.org/improving-biodiversity-monitoring-in-sustainable-forest-management/) - Biodiversity is prominently discussed nationally and internationally, reflecting, for example, on the best way to efficiently monitor it and how to enhance and maintain it through Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). Several decades ago, FOREST EUROPE developed a set of Criteria and Indicators (C&I) for SFM, that was improved and revised over the years. Those
- [The roots of innovation – setting the course for innovation and sustainable growth in the forest sector](https://foresteurope.org/the-roots-of-innovation-setting-the-course-for-innovation-and-sustainable-growth-in-the-forest-sector/) - Forests provide numerous benefits to society, ranging from products such as timber to services including landscape amenities, recreation opportunities, biodiversity protection, clean air and water, and climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. As the importance of these goods and services continues to grow, the forest sector is increasingly considered a key pillar of the future,
- [Registration for the 9th FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference is NOW open!](https://foresteurope.org/registration-for-the-9th-forest-europe-ministerial-conference-is-now-open/) - The FOREST EUROPE Secretariat is happy to announce the registration opening for the 9th FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference, which will be held on the 1 and 2 October 2024 in Konigswinter, Bonn (Germany), upon invitation only. This conference is the highlight of the German Presidency of the FOREST EUROPE process! FOREST EUROPE Signatories and Observers are welcome
- [IFSA reports on the FOREST EUROPE webinar "Shaping tomorrow’s workforce: Novel Green Forest Jobs"](https://foresteurope.org/ifsa-reports-on-the-forest-europe-webinar-shaping-tomorrows-workforce-novel-green-forest-jobs/) - On December 12th, 2023, Forest Europe organized a webinar on the topic “Shaping tomorrow’s workforce: Novel Green Forest Jobs and the transition from tradition”
- [FOREST EUROPE’s FoRISK ready to launch?](https://foresteurope.org/forest-europes-forisk-ready-to-launch/) - After 1,5 years, an external evaluation of the pilot of the Forest Risk Facility clearly reports on the added value.
- [IFSA reports on the High-Level Policy Dialogue: Forests do not end at national borders - how can united knowledge help Europe's forests?](https://foresteurope.org/ifsa-reports-on-the-high-level-policy-dialogue-forests-do-not-end-at-national-borders-how-can-united-knowledge-help-europes-forests/) - This is a report made by three representatives from the International Forestry Students' Association during their voluntary work for the HLPD 2023 organization. On November 9, government representatives and practitioners from all over Europe came together in Berlin for the second FOREST EUROPE High-Level Talks to address one question: How can sustainable forest management help
- [Seasonal migration in the forest sector: what and how much do we know?](https://foresteurope.org/seasonal-migration-in-the-forest-sector-what-and-how-much-do-we-know/) - By Juliet Achieng. Seasonal migration is one of the different forms of human migration that exist. In this case the move happens each season or in response to labour or climate conditions. Why is seasonal migration of labour force a very important issue that needs urgent attention from relevant stakeholders? The EU is heavily dependent
- [Take-home messages from the High-Level Talks 2023](https://foresteurope.org/take-home-messages-from-the-high-level-policy-dialogue-2023/) - This year’s FOREST EUROPE High-Level Policy Dialogue on the topic “Growing healthier forests: How can Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) enhance resilience” was organized by the Liaison Unit Bonn (LUBo) with the support of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture in Germany. Considering the ever-increasing risks that the climate change and biodiversity crises pose for
- [Shaping tomorrow's workforce: Novel Green Forest Jobs (NGFJ) and the transition from tradition](https://foresteurope.org/shaping-tomorrows-workforce-novel-green-forest-jobs-ngfj-and-the-transition-from-tradition/) - Numerous Green Forest Jobs[1] are emerging in the non-traditional forest-based sector. These novel jobs encompass economic activities related to new wood-based products, provision of ecosystem services, urban and social forestry, human health and recreation, ecotourism, green chemistry, education, research & development, and more. Opportunities to grow Green Forest Jobs are also increasing in the different
- [Sustainable Forest Management and resilience: new FOREST EUROPE Policy Brief is out](https://foresteurope.org/new-forest-europe-policy-brief-is-out/) - A few days before the FOREST EUROPE High-Level Policy Dialogue in Berlin, we released the new Policy Brief “Forests for the future: How can forest resilience support Sustainable Forest Management?”.
- [Join our brand-new podcast: Seeing the forest for the trees](https://foresteurope.org/join-our-brand-new-podcast-seeing-the-forest-for-the-trees/) - Welcome to the forests of Europe! This podcast highlights the views of different countries on challenges, gaps, and solutions to sustainable forest management.
- [Living with windstorms in pan-European forests](https://foresteurope.org/living-with-windstorms-in-pan-european-forests/) - The Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA), the Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape (WSL), and FOREST EUROPE recently organized a three-day workshop in order to exchange on the recent experiences with windstorm damage in forests across Europe the consequences and updates on management strategies (see programme here). This workshop, “Living with storms
- [“Learning to create together ‒ How can Forest Education for Sustainable Development build partnerships and empower people?”](https://foresteurope.org/learning-to-create-together-‒-how-can-forest-education-for-sustainable-development-build-partnerships-and-empower-people/) - On 20-22 September 2023, 160 participants from 26 countries convened in Königswinter, near Bonn, for the 17th European Forest Pedagogics Congress. The participants, comprising of forest pedagogics, teachers, researchers, foresters, practitioners, policymakers and students, deliberated on the congress theme “Learning to create together ‒ How can Forest Education for Sustainable Development build partnerships and empower
- [Innovation in the forest sector: a reality or wishful thinking?](https://foresteurope.org/innovation-in-the-forest-sector-a-reality-or-wishful-thinking/) - Climate change and biodiversity loss are among the challenges that the forest sector has to grapple with. This means that innovation is very critical for the future of forests as the sector seeks to advance solutions to these and the problems in the future. But what does innovation really mean, and what does it entail?
- [Growing Healthier Forests: How can Sustainable Forest Management enhance resilience?](https://foresteurope.org/growing-healthier-forests-how-can-sustainable-forest-management-enhance-resilience/) - This year's version of the High-Level Policy Dialogue (HLPD) will focus on how Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) can serve as a backbone for resilience, stimulating cross-border and cross-sectoral collaboration. This event has been created to react to emerging issues related to forests and the forest-based sector. The HLPD is an open and informal dialogue that
- [Bark beetle outbreaks in forests: a pan-European view](https://foresteurope.org/bark-beetle-outbreaks-in-forests-a-pan-european-view/) - Extreme heat events and droughts have intensified due to climate change, and bark beetle outbreaks have reached unprecedented levels in conifer forests challenging traditional management approaches in production forests and leading to increasing public and political awareness. The need for coordinated international actions and a more comprehensive management framework also recognizing the social dimension of
- [Towards a sustainable recovery: Insights from Ukraine's forests](https://foresteurope.org/towards-a-sustainable-a-recovery-insights-from-ukraines-forests/) - The FOREST EUROPE Liaison Unit Bonn successfully implemented the Ministerial Decision “Supporting the recovery and sustainable management of Ukrainian forests and its forest sector,” endorsed during the High-Level Policy Dialogue in 2022 and based on the needs shared by the official authorities last year. The initiative enabled signatories, observers, and international and Ukrainian experts to
- [Signatories and observers of FOREST EUROPE met in Dresden to shape the future of sustainable forest management](https://foresteurope.org/signatories-and-observers-of-forest-europe-met-in-dresden-to-shape-the-future-of-sustainable-forest-management/) - The recent FOREST EUROPE Expert Level Meeting (ELM), held in Dresden, Germany, marked the opportunity for the first in-person gathering under German chairmanship since the pandemic. The meeting, attended by 59 delegates from 27 signatory countries, the European Commission, and 12 observer organizations, provided a platform for exchanging ideas, discussing future working modalities, and making
- [Why should we talk about wildfires in Europe in February?](https://foresteurope.org/why-should-we-talk-about-wildfires-in-europe-in-february/) - From 7 -9 February 2023, 47 participants from 23 organizations followed the invitation by the European Forest Institute, Pau Costa Foundation, the Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), and FOREST EUROPE to attend the joint workshop “Communicating the important role of Sustainable Forest Management to prevent wildfires” in Barcelona, Spain. The workshop aimed for
- [FOREST EUROPE Ukraine initiative: 2nd experts’ workshop](https://foresteurope.org/forest-europe-ukraine-initiative-2nd-experts-workshop/) - The second Ukraine experts’ workshop is taking place on the 23rd of March from 9:30-12:00 and 13:00-15:00 CEST, online (upon invitation only) Our team will update you on LUBo’s work since the last workshop in December 2022, providing an overview of the changes in the current situation in the Ukrainian forests and forest sector and
- [“What’s forest education up to in Africa and Europe?” Course is now available online on IFSA’s TreE-Learning platform!](https://foresteurope.org/whats-forest-education-up-to-in-africa-and-europe-course-is-now-available-online-on-ifsas-tree-learning-platform/) - Did you miss the webinar on “What’s forest education up to in Africa and Europe?” organized by FOREST EUROPE, together with the International Forestry Students Association (IFSA) and the International Union of Forest Research Organisation (IUFRO)? The webinar was based on the regional assessment reports on forest education published by FAO in 2021. To ensure that these webinars reach a
- [Youth Forest Policy Days: discussing the inclusion of youth in forest policymaking](https://foresteurope.org/youth-forest-policy-days-discussing-the-inclusion-of-youth-in-forest-policymaking/) - The current global youth (15-24 years) population stands at 1.2 billion translating to 16% of the global population and is expected to rise further by 7% by 2030¹. The youth have immense potential and can provide innovative solutions to promote development. The need for equipping the youth with knowledge and opportunities that will allow them
- [FOREST EUROPE celebrated International Education Day 2023 and raises awareness among students with its different initiatives](https://foresteurope.org/forest-europe-celebrated-the-international-day-of-education-2023/) - Every year on 24th January the world marks the International Day of Education whose goal is to celebrate the role of education for peace and development. This year’s theme was “to invest in people, prioritize education” with a call for maintaining strong political mobilization around education and chart the way to translate commitments and global
- [Take-home messages from the High-Level Talks 2022](https://foresteurope.org/take-home-messages-from-the-high-level-talks-2022/) - The first FOREST EUROPE High-Level Policy Dialogue, organised by the Liaison Unit Bonn (LUBo) with the support of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture in Germany and titled “Sustainable Forest Management: unlocking forest biodiversity’s potential,” aimed to reflect upon the extent to which Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) can maintain and eventually enhance forest biological
- [FOREST EUROPE to support Ukraine in rebuilding its forest sector](https://foresteurope.org/forest-europe-to-support-ukraine-in-rebuilding-its-forest-sector/) - A Ministerial Decision was recently (30.08.2022) adopted by the 44 Member States of FOREST EUROPE at the first High-Level Policy Dialogue (HLPD), an inclusive dialogue among interested actors to exchange on the latest scientific findings, best practices, and specific national policies. The first instalment of the HLPD was titled Sustainable Forest Management: Unlocking forest biodiversity’s
- [FOREST EUROPE hosts talks with university students](https://foresteurope.org/forest-europe-hosts-talks-with-university-students/) - “Thank you for the insights on the work of FOREST EUROPE, I found it very interesting!” (Student from Technische Universität Dresden, Germany) FOREST EUROPE is currently providing virtual guest lectures at universities around Europe. Why? Well, FOREST EUROPE not only focuses on Sustainable Forest Management, but also actively engages in the Green Jobs and Forest Education
- [Preparing FoRISK pilot](https://foresteurope.org/preparing-forisk-pilot/) - Building on the Bratislava Ministerial Resolution “Adapting pan-European forests to climate change” (2021), FOREST EUROPE is currently working towards the pan-European forest risk knowledge mechanism (FoRISK). The aims is to support forests adaptation to climate change and enhance resilience and mitigation potential of forests. The FoRISK Pilot is set to be implemented from September 2022
- [FOREST EUROPE Work Programme 2021-24](https://foresteurope.org/forest-europe-work-programme-2021-24/) - The FOREST EUROPE Expert Level Meeting took place on 1-2 September 2021, and centred on the strategic discussion and adoption of the Work Programme 2021-2024. The programme will focus on Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), a pan-European Forest Risk Mechanism, and Green Jobs and Forest Education. It also introduces an innovative Rapid Response concept for High Level
- [Webinar series: From the roots to the canopy](https://foresteurope.org/webinar-series-from-the-roots-to-the-canopy/) - Our brand new webinar series "From the roots to the canopy" will guide you through key FOREST EUROPE topics (see our Work Programme), and to the forest-related emerging issues relevant at the pan-European level. This series will enhance cross-sectoral knowledge exchange and target different audiences with innovative and tempting debates! Join us and be part of this growth journey, “From the roots to the canopy”. The first webinar will the place In the framework of the European
- [High-Level Policy Dialogue 2022 - Sustainable Forest Management: unlocking forest biodiversity’s potential](https://foresteurope.org/high-level-policy-dialogue-2022-sustainable-forest-management-unlocking-forest-biodiversitys-potential/) - We are happy to invite you to the High Level Policy Dialogue titled “Sustainable Forest Management: unlocking forest biodiversity’s potential” on the 30 August 2022, from 1 to 5 pm CEST. The High Level Policy Dialogue 2022 is organised in line with the Bratislava Ministerial Declaration 2021 as well as the Forest Europe Work Programme
- [Grow Green Jobs – showing endless new job opportunities in the forestry field](https://foresteurope.org/grow-green-jobs-showing-endless-new-job-opportunities-in-the-forestry-field/) - You hear the wind in the trees, birds are singing and you feel the sunshine on your skin. Or is it maybe a cold and windy day, with rain drizzling down your neck? For sure, you are somewhere outside in the forest. I once saw a T-shirt with the text Better a rainy day in
- [“There is a need for people to understand the value of conservation and nature” - Prof. Dr. James Kung’u](https://foresteurope.org/there-is-a-need-for-people-to-understand-the-value-of-conservation-and-nature-prof-dr-james-kungu/) - On Wednesday, May 25 2022, FOREST EUROPE, together with the International Forestry Students Association (IFSA) and the International Union of Forest Research Organisation (IUFRO), held the webinar "What's forest education up to in Africa and Europe" in which several forestry students and lecturers had the opportunity to learn from Prof. James Kung'u and Prof. Mika
- [Education, employment and policymaking in the forest sector: a joint discussion during the XV World Forestry Congress 2022](https://foresteurope.org/education-employment-and-policymaking-in-the-forest-sector-a-joint-discussion-during-the-xv-world-forestry-congress-2022/) - The nature of employment and occupational demands in the forest sector keep changing, due to significant, overall changes in the sector including globalization, digitalization, changing societal demands, and climate change. Newly evolving “green jobs” promote sustainable development as well as the general well-being of the people. Students will need adequate training to be equipped with
- [Monitoring and assessing forest health – connecting the dots](https://foresteurope.org/monitoring-and-assessing-forest-health-connecting-the-dots/) - The International Day of Forests is celebrated on 21 March. Today forest health matters more than ever considering the increasing tendencies and scales of forest damages and the importance of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Building on a constructive cooperation of over three decades, FOREST EUROPE and ICP Forests organised a webinar on the topic.
- [Why we need to discuss forest management?](https://foresteurope.org/why-we-need-to-discuss-forest-management/) - FOREST EUROPE is leading a Think Tank and forum for debate on Sustainable Forest Management. The orientation that a Think Tank provides increases in times of pressing demands on forest ecosystem services and inequitable impact of climate change on forest health. Experts from FOREST EUROPE signatory countries and observer organizations participated in a virtual gathering
- [Thünen Institute report on Green Jobs in the forest sector](https://foresteurope.org/ti-report-green-jobs/) - The forest sector has an important mission to sustainably manage natural resources. The most important actors to achieve this goal are the sector’s workers. But does the forest sector recognize the importance of its workers? Recently, the terms “just transition” and “Green Economy” made it clear that Green Jobs are the future. Green Jobs are
- [Grow Green Jobs invitation](https://foresteurope.org/grow-green-jobs-invitation/) - FOREST EUROPE would like to invite you to take part in our current online Tag and Share Instagram campaign: Grow Green Jobs! The campaign aims at raising awareness among students as well as young professionals in the fields of forestry, natural sciences, agriculture, and agroforestry. We want them to know the existing professions and career
- [Policy recommendations: Human Health and Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/policy-recommendations-human-health-sustainable-forest-management/) - Forests have an important role to play in preventative health care. The research shows that forests improve the quality of life and wellbeing in general. FOREST EUROPE presents a brief leaflet with policy recommendations of the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on Human Health and Well-being.
- [Publication: Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/adaptation-climate-change-sustainable-forest-management-europe/) - The new FOREST EUROPE publication focussed on integration of climate change adaptation measures to sustainable forest management in Europe. Besides Part II prepared by the team of authors, the publication also contains policy recommendations of the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group established on this topic (Part I). The publication is available here.
- [Summary for Policy Makers 2020](https://foresteurope.org/summary-policy-makers-2020/) - The Summary provides a brief overview of the main facts from the upcoming full report. In a comprehensive format, based on the pan-European criteria for sustainable forest management, it presents key findings on the status and trends in Europe's forests.
- [State of Europe’s Forests 2020](https://foresteurope.org/state-europes-forests-2020/) - We are pleased to inform you that FOREST EUROPE Liaison Unit Bratislava published the State of Europe's Forests 2020 report. The report provides comprehensive information on the status and trends in forests and forestry in our region, based on the pan-European criteria for sustainable forest management. For the first time, in Part II, the report
- [How much do you know about the current state of European forests?](https://foresteurope.org/much-know-current-state-european-forests/) - Does a larger forest area mean absolute good news? How can we adapt forests to climate change? What is the role of forests as carbon sinks? What is the relationship between biodiversity and sustainable forest management? Irene Baños Ruiz, a Deutsche Welle (DW) freelance environmental journalist, asks the questions many want to know about European forests in a series of interviews with experts. FOREST EUROPE produced several

## Pages

- [Home Forest Europe](https://foresteurope.org/) - FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference on the Protectionof Forests in Europe Forest Europe develops common strategies for its 45 signatories on how to protect and sustainably manage their forests. Workstreams 2025-2026 Sustainable Forest Management, SFMForest Europe leads the way in defining Sustainable Forest Management. Keeping Forest Europe Fit for the FutureForest Europe is a platform for
- [Webinars exploring SoEF 2025](https://foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests-report/webinars-exploring-soef-2025/) - To enable exploration of the indicators and data presented in the State of Europe's Forests 2025 Report, a series of monthly lunchtime webinars are organised during 2026. Choose the webinar you are interested in for more information and registration link. The webinars are being recorded and will appear here on the website under respective date. WEBINAR
- [How much deadwood is enough](https://foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests-report/webinars-exploring-soef-2025/how-much-deadwood-is-enough/) - How much deadwood is enough? Biodiversity and forest management in Europe In this webinar, we will explore the key findings of the SoEF 2025 report with a special focus on deadwood, examining its ecological significance, current trends across Europe, and its role in promoting biodiversity and sustainable forest management. The State of Europe’s Forests (SoEF)
- [Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/workstreams/a-dynamic-concept-of-sustainable-forest-management/) - A dynamic concept of Sustainable Forest Management in Europe The pan-European concept of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a success story. Since 1993, it safeguarded a common approach for dialogue, monitoring and policymaking. But forest policy and management face emerging environmental and political challenges. We need to revisit the role of SFM. How does it
- [About Forest Europe](https://foresteurope.org/about/) - FOREST EUROPE (also Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe) is a Pan-European voluntary high-level forest policy process. Since 1990, the aim has been to develop common strategies for the 45 signatories (44 European countries and the EU) on how to protect and sustainably manage forests. Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) The Forest Europe
- [Do Europe’s forests suffice](https://foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests-report/webinars-exploring-soef-2025/do-europes-forests-suffice/) - Read the summarising article about the webinar Speakers Moderator Dr. Kari Korhonen Research Manager at the Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE)Board Chair of the European National Forest Inventory Network (ENFIN Association) Dr. Michael LoschCoordinator for Bioeconomy in DG Agriculture and Rural Development, European Commission Photo: Uni of Sopron Mr. Sven Erik HammarPresident of the Confederation
- [Forest education for sustainable development](https://foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests-report/webinars-exploring-soef-2025/forest-education-for-sustainable-development/) - Forest education for sustainable development As part of the State of Europe's Forests 2025 report webinar series, this webinar will explore how forest-based education for sustainable development can contribute to greater acceptance of the sustainable use of forests and promote green forest jobs. The draft programme includes an introduction to forest-based education for sustainable development
- [Areas of continued and emerging interest](https://foresteurope.org/workstreams/areas-of-continued-and-emerging-interest/) - Areas of continued and emerging interest At the ten Ministerial Conferences held to date, several high-level political commitments have been adopted and will remain as the basis for future work by FOREST EUROPE. Over the years, FOREST EUROPE has created and developed various projects and concepts that continues to deserve significant attention and emphasis. A
- [Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/workstreams/a-dynamic-concept-of-sustainable-forest-management_old/)
- [Keeping FOREST EUROPE fit for the future](https://foresteurope.org/workstreams/the-future-of-forest-europe/) - Keeping FOREST EUROPE fit for the future Workstream 2 aims to keep FOREST EUROPE fit for the future. One of its initiatives reached an important milestone in connection with the Ministerial Conference in early June, when a new funding model was adopted. A new funding model for a stronger FOREST EUROPE Starting in 2025, the
- [Efficient use of resources in the future bioeconomy](https://foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests-report/webinars-exploring-soef-2025/efficient-use-of-resources-in-the-future-bioeconomy/) - Read the summarising article about the webinar Efficient use of resources in focus at webinar on Europe’s future bioeconomy - FOREST EUROPE Speakers ModeratorCamilla WidmarkAssociate Professor, Department of Forest Economics (Head of department)Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Ms. Linda ReinholdssonDeputy DirectorMinistry for Rural Affairs and Infrastructure, Sweden Dr. Georg RappoldDirector – Wood Policy, Bioeconomy
- [Rising forest damage in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests-report/webinars-exploring-soef-2025/rising-forest-damage-in-europe/) - Speakers Johan NormanLiaison Unit Sweden /Swedish Forest Agency
- [State of Europe's Forests Report](https://foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests-report/) - The sixth State of Europe’s Forests 2025 report (SoEF 2025) provides a comprehensive overview of the condition, management, and use of forest resources across Europe. It is based on harmonised data provided by countries and builds on internationally agreed indicators for sustainable forest management.As the flagship report of the FOREST EUROPE process, SoEF 2025 serves
- [Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/sustainable-forest-management/) - Sustainable Forest Management, SFM FOREST EUROPE leads the way in defining Sustainable Forest Management. The pan-European concept of SFM has provided a common approach for dialogue, monitoring, and policymaking across Europe. It is a dynamic and evolving concept, that continuously moderates the various claims on forests and forest resources balancing the three pillars of sustainability—ecological,
- [FoRISK](https://foresteurope.org/implementing-mechanisms/forisk/) - FoRISK FoRISK is an implementation mechanism under the aegis of FOREST EUROPE with the overall objective of enhancing the resilience of forests and the forest sector by supporting transboundary and cross-sectoral risk management within the framework of sustainable forest management. Established during the German Chairmanship in 2020, FoRISK completed a successful pilot phase (2021–2024), demonstrating its value in
- [Contact us](https://foresteurope.org/contact/) - Contact us Liaison Unit Sweden Skogsstyrelsen, SE-551 83 Jönköping, Sweden +46 (0)10 172 10 00 (switch) foresteurope (at) forestagency.se General Enquiries Fredrik Silfwerbrand Head of Liaison Unit | +46 (0)10 172 16 98 foresteurope (at) forestagency.se
- [High-level policy dialogue on forest based emergency preparedness](https://foresteurope.org/high-level-policy-dialogue/) - Programme 09:00 Introduction, by Liaison Unit Sweden Moderators: Fredrik Silfwerbrand, Forest Europe Liaison Unit SwedenAlessandra Giolo, Forest Europe Liaison Unit Sweden / PhD Student on forest policy at Södertörn University. #2 How the Russian invasion has impacted forestry and how the forest contribute to Ukraine during the crisis Ihor Buksha, Head of Inventory, Monitoring, Certification
- [Members](https://foresteurope.org/about/members/) - Signatories: 44 European Signatory States plus the EU​.Observers: 14 countries and 49 organisations.
- [Prove](https://foresteurope.org/workstreams/prove/)
- [Comic - Part 1](https://foresteurope.org/comic-part-1/) - Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 1 2 3 4 5
- [Euforgen](https://foresteurope.org/euforgen/) - European Forest Genetics Resources Programme (EUFORGEN) EUFORGEN – the European Forest Genetic Resources Programme – is an international cooperation programme that promotes the conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in Europe as an integral part of sustainable forest management. Genetic diversity enables forest trees to survive, adapt and evolve in changing environmental conditions.
- [Ecosystem Services](https://foresteurope.org/ecosystem-services/) - Introduction to Ecosystem Services There are three interlinked concepts related to the provision of ecosystem services, i.e. ecosystem process, ecosystem function, and ecosystem service. Ecosystem process is “any change or reaction which occurs within ecosystems, physical, chemical or biological. Ecosystem processes include decomposition, production, nutrient cycling, and fluxes of nutrients and energy (MA 2005). The
- [Publications](https://foresteurope.org/publications/)
- [Rapid Response](https://foresteurope.org/rapid-response-mechanism/)
- [Comic book](https://foresteurope.org/comic-part-1-2/) - Comic "Spirit of the Forest"
- [Comic Book | Flipbook](https://foresteurope.org/comic-book-flipbook/)
- [Bonn 2024](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/bonn-2024/) - Shaping our future with resilient forests The 9th Ministerial Conference of FOREST EUROPE, held on October 1st and 2nd near Bonn, gathered more than 160 delegates from 34 European countries, the European Commission, Australia, and 24 observer organizations. This diverse group came together with a shared mission: to shape the future of Sustainable Forest Management. In
- [Comic - Part 5](https://foresteurope.org/comic-part-5/) - Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 1 2 3 4 5
- [Comic - Part 4](https://foresteurope.org/comic-part-4/) - Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 1 2 3 4 5
- [Comic - Part 3](https://foresteurope.org/comic-part-3/) - Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 1 2 3 4 5
- [Comic - Part 2](https://foresteurope.org/comic-part-2/) - Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 1 2 3 4 5
- [Madrid 2015](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/madrid/) - Madrid 2015 Madrid hosted two FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conferences in October 2015: the 7th Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, and the Extraordinary Ministerial Conference that received the results of the work of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Legally Binding Agreement on Forests in Europe. These two conferences were held back
- [Podcast](https://foresteurope.org/podcast/) - In this podcast, FOREST EUROPE will host conversations and reflections with colleagues responsible for managing forests in the pan-European regions.
- [Oslo 2011](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/oslo/) - European 2020 targets for forests The 6th FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe was convened on 14-16 June 2011 in Oslo, Norway. At the Conference, ministers responsible for forests in Europe adopted European 2020 Targets for the protection and sustainable management of forests. Moreover, ministers took a historical decision and
- [Warsaw 2007](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/warsaw/) - Forests for quality of life The Fifth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe “Forests for Quality of Life” was held on 5–7 November 2007 in Warsaw, Poland. At the Conference, ministers and high-level representatives of 46 European countries and the European Union endorsed the Warsaw Declaration and two Warsaw Resolutions: “Forests, Wood
- [Vienna 2003](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/vienna/) - European forests – common benefits, shared responsibilities Under the slogan “Living Forest Summit”, ministers responsible for forests from 41 European countries and a representative of the European Union as well as representatives of 4 non-European countries and 24 international organisations gathered at the Fourth Ministerial Conference in April 2003 in Vienna under the joint chairmanship
- [Real-life examples](https://foresteurope.org/workstreams/green-jobs/real-life-examples/)
- [Updates on Ukrainian forest status](https://foresteurope.org/updates-on-ukrainian-forest-status/) - State Enterprise "FORESTS of UKRAINE" has launched an international project titled ‘Forest Recovery’ Forest Recovery will focus on the promotion of expanding the forest area and preserving self-grown forests under the Presidential campaign “Green Country”. The State Enterprise "FORESTS of UKRAINE" systematically cooperates with communities and local authorities to expand the forest area. In 2022-2023,
- [Implementing mechanisms](https://foresteurope.org/implementing-mechanisms/)
- [Supporting Ukranian forests](https://foresteurope.org/supporting-ukranian-forests/)
- [Ukrane project](https://foresteurope.org/ukrane-project/)
- [Ukraine project](https://foresteurope.org/ukraine-project/)
- [Overview of valuation approaches and methods](https://foresteurope.org/ecosystem-services/valuation-of-forest-ecosystem-services/overview-of-valuation-approaches-and-methods/) - Benefits oriented valuation Consumer's perspective Stated preference methods Stated preference methods Stated preference methods use carefully structured questionnaires to elicit individuals’ preferences for a given change in a natural resource or environmental attribute. These methods are based on hypothetical rather than actual data on behaviour; for the former the value is inferred from people’s responses
- [Payments](https://foresteurope.org/ecosystem-services/payments/) - Payments for forest ecosystem services The basic idea behind PES is that those who maintain ecosystems in good condition and provide ecosystem services and incur in an extra cost, should be paid for doing so. PES, therefore, provides an opportunity to put a price on previously un-priced ecosystem services. In the literature, the most widely
- [Comparison of these three main classification schemes](https://foresteurope.org/ecosystem-services/comparison-of-these-three-main-classification-schemes/) - Comparison of three main classifications of ecosystem services (only those services supplied by forest ecosystems are shown). MA TEEB CICES PROVISIONING Industrial wood Raw materials Materials / Biomass, fibre Fuelwood Energy / Biomass-based energy Non-wood forest products Food / Raw materials Nutrition / Biomass Materials / Biomass, fibre Fresh water (water purification) (also Regulation service)
- [Interactive Map](https://foresteurope.org/ecosystem-services/payments/forest-ecosystem-services/)
- [Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services](https://foresteurope.org/ecosystem-services/valuation-of-forest-ecosystem-services/) - The importance or “value” of ecosystems is viewed and expressed differently by different disciplines, cultural conceptions, philosophical views, and schools of thought. Valuation is used as a tool that enhances the ability of decision-makers to evaluate trade-offs between alternative ecosystem management regimes and courses of actions that alter the use of ecosystems and the services
- [Valuation approaches and methods classified according to type of FES to be valued](https://foresteurope.org/ecosystem-services/valuation-of-forest-ecosystem-services/valuation-approaches-and-methods-classified-according-to-type-of-fes-to-be-valued/) - Types of Forest Ecosystem Services Classification of FES listed below is derived from The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB, 2010) Please select the type of FES and find out which methods are suitable for its valuation NOTE: Case examples are provided especially for the contingent valuation method, choice modelling, the value transfer method, the market
- [Strasbourg 1990](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/strasbourg/) - A Commitment to Sustainable Forest Management in Europe The intention and commitment to apply the Forest Principles and other decisions of the UNCED at regional and national levels led to the Second Ministerial Conference, which was held in Helsinki in June 1993 under the joint chairmanship of Finland and Portugal. In addition to 37 European
- [Helsinki 1993](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/helsinki/) - A commitment to sustainable forest management in Europe The intention and commitment to apply the Forest Principles and other decisions of the UNCED at regional and national levels led to the Second Ministerial Conference, which was held in Helsinki in June 1993 under the joint chairmanship of Finland and Portugal. In addition to 37 European
- [Bratislava 2021](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/bratislava/) - The Future We Want: The Forests We Need This intergovernmental summit subtitled “The Future We Want: The Forests We Need”, was aimed to take political commitments by countries in Europe and the European Union on strategic framework and actions towards sustainable forest management in Europe for this decade. The Eighth FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference was planned to
- [Lisbon 1998](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/lisbon/) - Recognising the multiple roles of forests At the Third Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, held in Lisbon in June 1998, socio-economic aspects of sustainable forest management were given considerable emphasis. In this context, the conference particularly focused on the relationship and interaction between forest and society. Additionally, important outcomes of the
- [Ministerial Conferences](https://foresteurope.org/about/ministerial-conferences/)
- [Workstreams](https://foresteurope.org/workstreams/)

## FES Payments

- [Payment for prevention of gravity natural hazards in Switzerland](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/payment-prevention-gravity-natural-hazards-switzerland/)
- [The English Woodland Grants Scheme](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/english-woodland-grants-scheme/)
- [Slowing the Flow at Pickering](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/slowing-flow-pickering/)
- [The Woodland Carbon Code in UK](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/woodland-carbon-code-uk/)
- [Payment for Water in Canton Vaud (Switzerland)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/payment-water-canton-vaud-switzerland/)
- [Payment for forest habitat creation in Switzerland](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/payment-forest-habitat-creation-switzerland/)
- [LIFE FOREST CO2: assessment of forest-carbon sinks and promotion of compensation systems as tools for climate change mitigation.](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/life-forest-co2-assessment-forest-carbon-sinks-promotion-compensation-systems-tools-climate-change-mitigation-2/)
- [LIFE FOREST CO2: assessment of forest-carbon sinks and promotion of compensation systems as tools for climate change mitigation.](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/life-forest-co2-assessment-forest-carbon-sinks-promotion-compensation-systems-tools-climate-change-mitigation/)
- [Climatic credits to invest in forestry projects (LIFE CLIMARK)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/climatic-credits-invest-forestry-projects-life-climark/)
- [Special Plan for the Upper Guadiana (SPUG)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/special-plan-upper-guadiana-spug/)
- [Land stewardship](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/land-stewardship/)
- [Mature Forest Reserves](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/mature-forest-reserves/)
- [Payment for surface water](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/payment-surface-water-2/)
- [Hunting and wildlife observing](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/hunting-wildlife-observing/)
- [Biodiversity](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/15327/)
- [Coca-Cola Groundwater Compensation](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/coca-cola-groundwater-compensation/)
- [The Green Heart of Cork](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/green-heart-cork/)
- [Compensations for forest conservation](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/compensations-forest-conservation/)
- [Subsidies for cultural and social ecosystem services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/subsidies-cultural-social-ecosystem-services/)
- [Subsidies for carbon sequestration; fertilization of forests and increased seedlings density](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/subsidies-carbon-sequestration-fertilization-forests-increased-seedlings-density/)
- [Subsidies for carbon sequestration, planting spruce on fallow agriculture land](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/subsidies-carbon-sequestration-planting-spruce-fallow-agriculture-land/)
- [Subsidies for maintaining biodiversity](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/subsidies-maintaining-biodiversity/)
- [Bosco Limite](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/bosco-limite/)
- [Romagna Acque Fund](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/romagna-acque-fund/)
- [Land stewards](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/land-stewards/)
- [Ireland's Woodland Environmental Fund (WEF)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/irelands-woodland-environmental-fund-wef/)
- [KerryLIFE](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/kerrylife/)
- [Afforestation Grant and Premium Scheme](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/afforestation-grant-premium-scheme/)
- [Landscape and Recreational Values Trading](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/landscape-recreational-values-trading/)
- [Forest Biodiversity Programme METSO](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/forest-biodiversity-programme-metso/)
- [Danish reforestation project - Odense](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/danish-reforestation-project-odense/)
- [Groundwater protection in Copenhagen](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/groundwater-protection-copenhagen/)
- [Til-Tops outdoor activity parks](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/til-tops-outdoor-activity-parks/)
- [MTB Track Hammel](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/mtb-track-hammel/)
- [Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services in Croatia](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/payments-forest-ecosystem-services-croatia/)
- [The water sanctuary Taugl](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/water-sanctuary-taugl/)
- [Payments for water related ecosystem services in Albania](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/albania/)
- [Waldaktie (Forest Share)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/waldaktie-forest-share/)
- [Trinkwasserwald® (Forests for Water)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/trinkwasserwald-forests-water/)
- [“Eco-Points” (Conservation banking)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/eco-points-conservation-banking/)
- [MoorFutures](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_payment/moorfutures/)

## FES Methods

- [Travel Cost Method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/travel-cost-method-2/) - Travel Cost Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Recreational services Description of the method: Travel Cost Method derives willingness to pay for environmental benefits at a specific location by using information on the amount of money and time that people spend to visit the location. It is based on the rationale
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-7/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-2/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-17/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-17/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Hedonic pricing method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/hedonic-pricing-method-5/) - Hedonic pricing method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Air and water pollution Cultural services: aesthetic and recreational services Description of the method: Hedonic pricing method relies on market transactions for differentiated goods to estimate the economic benefits or costs associated with environmental quality. The basic premise of the hedonic pricing method
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-20/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-20/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-20/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Hedonic pricing method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/hedonic-pricing-method-4/) - Hedonic pricing method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Air and water pollution Cultural services: aesthetic and recreational services Description of the method: Hedonic pricing method relies on market transactions for differentiated goods to estimate the economic benefits or costs associated with environmental quality. The basic premise of the hedonic pricing method
- [Replacement cost provisioning services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/replacement-cost-provisioning-services-8/) - Replacement cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water supply, raw materials, Regulating services: erosion prevention, water purification, disturbance prevention Cultural services: aesthetic values, Supporting services: nutrient cycling Description of the method: The loss of a natural system service is evaluated in terms of what it would cost
- [Restoration cost](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/restoration-cost-8/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-16/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-16/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-19/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-19/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-19/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Random utility/discrete choice](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/random-utilitydiscrete-choice/) - Random utility/discrete choice models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Recreational services Description of the method: Random utility / discrete choice models arise from the empirical assumption that people know their preferences (utility) with certainty, but there are elements of these preferences that are not accessible to the empirical observer. Thus, parameters
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-15/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-15/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-14/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Hedonic pricing method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/hedonic-pricing-method-3/) - Hedonic pricing method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Air and water pollution Cultural services: aesthetic and recreational services Description of the method: Hedonic pricing method relies on market transactions for differentiated goods to estimate the economic benefits or costs associated with environmental quality. The basic premise of the hedonic pricing method
- [Travel cost method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/travel-cost-method/) - Travel Cost Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Recreational services Description of the method: Travel Cost Method derives willingness to pay for environmental benefits at a specific location by using information on the amount of money and time that people spend to visit the location. It is based on the rationale
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-18/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-18/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-14/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-17/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-17/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-17/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Decision science approach](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/decision-science-approach/) - Decision science approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Spiritual, cultural services Description of the service: Decision science approaches derive information about people’s values through a deliberative process that helps individuals to understand and assess trade-offs among multiple attributes. The ultimate goal is for an individual or group to assign scores to
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-13/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-13/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-16/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-16/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-16/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-12/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-12/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-15/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-15/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-15/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-11/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-11/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-14/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-14/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-14/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-10/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Production function-based methods](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/production-function-based-methods-8/) - Production function-based methods Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating and supporting services Description of the method: Method estimates how much a given ecosystem service contributes to the delivery of another service or commodity which is traded on an existing market. That means, this approach is based on the contribution of ecosystem
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-10/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-13/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Averting behavioural method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behavioural-method-8/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-13/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-13/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Restoration cost](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/restoration-cost-7/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Restoration cost](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/restoration-cost-6/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-9/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Production function-based methods](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/production-function-based-methods-7/) - Production function-based methods Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating and supporting services Description of the method: Method estimates how much a given ecosystem service contributes to the delivery of another service or commodity which is traded on an existing market. That means, this approach is based on the contribution of ecosystem
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-9/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-12/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Averting behavioural method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behavioural-method-7/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-12/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-12/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Preventive/defensive expenditures](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/preventivedefensive-expenditures-3/) - Preventive/defensive expenditure Suitability for the forest ecosystem service to be valued: Water quality, water purification Erosion protection Storm protection services Description of the method: The method uses the costs of preventing damage or degradation of environmental benefits. It involves obtaining a figure for what it would cost to maintain environmental benefits by investing in the
- [Replacement cost provisioning services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/replacement-cost-provisioning-services-7/) - Replacement cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water supply, raw materials, Regulating services: erosion prevention, water purification, disturbance prevention Cultural services: aesthetic values, Supporting services: nutrient cycling Description of the method: The loss of a natural system service is evaluated in terms of what it would cost
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-8/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Production function-based methods](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/production-function-based-methods-6/) - Production function-based methods Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating and supporting services Description of the method: Method estimates how much a given ecosystem service contributes to the delivery of another service or commodity which is traded on an existing market. That means, this approach is based on the contribution of ecosystem
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-8/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-11/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Averting behavioural method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behavioural-method-6/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-11/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-7/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Production function-based methods](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/production-function-based-methods-5/) - Production function-based methods Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating and supporting services Description of the method: Method estimates how much a given ecosystem service contributes to the delivery of another service or commodity which is traded on an existing market. That means, this approach is based on the contribution of ecosystem
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-7/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-10/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Averting behavioural method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behavioural-method-5/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-10/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-6/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Production function-based methods](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/production-function-based-methods-4/) - Production function-based methods Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating and supporting services Description of the method: Method estimates how much a given ecosystem service contributes to the delivery of another service or commodity which is traded on an existing market. That means, this approach is based on the contribution of ecosystem
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-6/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Hedonic pricing method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/hedonic-pricing-method-2/) - Hedonic pricing method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Air and water pollution Cultural services: aesthetic and recreational services Description of the method: Hedonic pricing method relies on market transactions for differentiated goods to estimate the economic benefits or costs associated with environmental quality. The basic premise of the hedonic pricing method
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-9/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Averting behavioural method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behavioural-method-4/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-9/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-9/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Preventive/defensive expenditures](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/preventivedefensive-expenditures-2/) - Preventive/defensive expenditure Suitability for the forest ecosystem service to be valued: Water quality, water purification Erosion protection Storm protection services Description of the method: The method uses the costs of preventing damage or degradation of environmental benefits. It involves obtaining a figure for what it would cost to maintain environmental benefits by investing in the
- [Replacement cost provisioning services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/replacement-cost-provisioning-services-6/) - Replacement cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water supply, raw materials, Regulating services: erosion prevention, water purification, disturbance prevention Cultural services: aesthetic values, Supporting services: nutrient cycling Description of the method: The loss of a natural system service is evaluated in terms of what it would cost
- [Restoration cost](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/restoration-cost-5/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-5/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Production function-based methods](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/production-function-based-methods-3/) - Production function-based methods Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating and supporting services Description of the method: Method estimates how much a given ecosystem service contributes to the delivery of another service or commodity which is traded on an existing market. That means, this approach is based on the contribution of ecosystem
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-5/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Hedonic pricing method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/hedonic-pricing-method/) - Hedonic pricing method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Air and water pollution Cultural services: aesthetic and recreational services Description of the method: Hedonic pricing method relies on market transactions for differentiated goods to estimate the economic benefits or costs associated with environmental quality. The basic premise of the hedonic pricing method
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-8/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Averting behaviour models](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behaviour-models/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Averting behavioural method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behavioural-method-3/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-8/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-8/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Preventive/defensive expenditures](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/preventivedefensive-expenditures/) - Preventive/defensive expenditure Suitability for the forest ecosystem service to be valued: Water quality, water purification Erosion protection Storm protection services Description of the method: The method uses the costs of preventing damage or degradation of environmental benefits. It involves obtaining a figure for what it would cost to maintain environmental benefits by investing in the
- [Replacement cost provisioning services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/replacement-cost-provisioning-services-5/) - Replacement cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water supply, raw materials, Regulating services: erosion prevention, water purification, disturbance prevention Cultural services: aesthetic values, Supporting services: nutrient cycling Description of the method: The loss of a natural system service is evaluated in terms of what it would cost
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-4/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Production function-based methods](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/production-function-based-methods-2/) - Production function-based methods Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating and supporting services Description of the method: Method estimates how much a given ecosystem service contributes to the delivery of another service or commodity which is traded on an existing market. That means, this approach is based on the contribution of ecosystem
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-4/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-7/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Averting behavioural method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behavioural-method-2/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-7/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Replacement cost provisioning services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/replacement-cost-provisioning-services-4/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Restoration cost](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/restoration-cost-4/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Efficiency (shadow) prices](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/efficiency-shadow-prices-3/) - Efficiency (shadow) prices Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Services that are traded in domestic or international markets and it may also be calculated for non-marketed goods Description of the method: The market price does not necessarily mean the “proper” price and/or reflect the true economic efficiency price. There are market and
- [Market price method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/market-price-method-3/) - Market price method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All marketed services Description of the method: Market price method estimates the economic value of ecosystem goods or services that are bought and sold in markets. The market price method can be used to value changes in either the quantity or quality of
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-6/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-6/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-6/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-3/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Production function-based methods](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/production-function-based-methods/) - Production function-based methods Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating and supporting services Description of the method: Method estimates how much a given ecosystem service contributes to the delivery of another service or commodity which is traded on an existing market. That means, this approach is based on the contribution of ecosystem
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-3/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-5/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Averting behavioural method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/averting-behavioural-method/) - Averting behaviour models Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Regulating services Description of the method: Averting behaviour models are based on the presumption that people will change their behaviour and invest money to avoid an undesirable outcome. Thus, averting behaviour analyses the rate of substitution between changes in behaviour and expenditures on
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-5/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-5/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs-2/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches-2/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-4/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-4/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-4/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Replacement cost provisioning services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/replacement-cost-provisioning-services-3/) - Replacement cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water supply, raw materials, Regulating services: erosion prevention, water purification, disturbance prevention Cultural services: aesthetic values, Supporting services: nutrient cycling Description of the method: The loss of a natural system service is evaluated in terms of what it would cost
- [Restoration cost](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/restoration-cost-3/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Indirect opportunity costs](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/indirect-opportunity-costs/) - Indirect opportunity costs method Suitability of the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non-marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: The method is used to calculate the value of non-market environmental goods when individual labour is involved in harvesting or collection. The opportunity cost method provides quick and straightforward information on the forgone development costs
- [Related goods approaches](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/related-goods-approaches/) - Related goods approaches Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Non marketed ecosystem services Description of the method: A non-marketed good or service may be related to a marketed good or service. By using information about this relationship and the price of the marketed product, the analyst may be able to infer the
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-3/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling-3/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-3/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Replacement cost provisioning services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/replacement-cost-provisioning-services-2/) - Replacement cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water supply, raw materials, Regulating services: erosion prevention, water purification, disturbance prevention Cultural services: aesthetic values, Supporting services: nutrient cycling Description of the method: The loss of a natural system service is evaluated in terms of what it would cost
- [Restoration cost](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/restoration-cost-2/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Efficiency (shadow) prices](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/efficiency-shadow-prices-2/) - Efficiency (shadow) prices Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Services that are traded in domestic or international markets and it may also be calculated for non-marketed goods Description of the method: The market price does not necessarily mean the “proper” price and/or reflect the true economic efficiency price. There are market and
- [Market price method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/market-price-method-2/) - Market price method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All marketed services Description of the method: Market price method estimates the economic value of ecosystem goods or services that are bought and sold in markets. The market price method can be used to value changes in either the quantity or quality of
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method-2/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm-2/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV
- [Replacement cost provisioning services](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/replacement-cost-provisioning-services/) - Replacement cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water supply, raw materials, Regulating services: erosion prevention, water purification, disturbance prevention Cultural services: aesthetic values, Supporting services: nutrient cycling Description of the method: The loss of a natural system service is evaluated in terms of what it would cost
- [Restoration cost](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/restoration-cost/) - Restoration cost method Suitability for the FES to be valued: Provisioning services: non-wood forest products, water, raw materials Regulating services: water regulation, water purification and waste treatment; soil formation Cultural services: aesthetic values Description of the method: The method uses costs of restoring ecosystem goods or services. It is based on the idea that given
- [Efficiency (shadow) prices](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/efficiency-shadow-prices/) - Efficiency (shadow) prices Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: Services that are traded in domestic or international markets and it may also be calculated for non-marketed goods Description of the method: The market price does not necessarily mean the “proper” price and/or reflect the true economic efficiency price. There are market and
- [Market price method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/market-price-method/) - Market price method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All marketed services Description of the method: Market price method estimates the economic value of ecosystem goods or services that are bought and sold in markets. The market price method can be used to value changes in either the quantity or quality of
- [Value transfer method](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/value-transfer-method/) - Value transfer method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services, however, it was showed that it is more reliable for transferring use values Description of the method: Value transfer method it is not a straightforward direct method, because it would also be possible to transfer results from indirect methods. It
- [Choice modelling](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/choice-modelling/) - Choice modelling techniques Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Choice modelling attempts to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of an individual by analysing his choices between different alternatives. Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be
- [Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)](https://foresteurope.org/fe_fes_method/contingent-valuation-method-cvm/) - Contingent Valuation Method Suitability for the forest ecosystem services to be valued: All forest services Description of the method: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a questionnaire based technique that seeks to discover individual preferences for an environmental change. It uses one of two measures of consumer’s surplus: compensating variation (CV) or equivalent variation (EV). CV

## Events

- [How much deadwood is enough? Biodiversity and forest management in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/event/how-much-deadwood-is-enough-biodiversity-and-forest-management-in-europe/) - In this webinar, we will explore the key findings of the SoEF 2025 report with a special focus on deadwood, examining its ecological significance, current trends across Europe, and its role in promoting biodiversity and sustainable forest management. Follow the link to read more and register.
- [WEBINAR 17 JUNE: Efficient use of resources in the future bioeconomy – how to make trade-offs?](https://foresteurope.org/event/webinar-17-june-efficient-use-of-resources-in-the-future-bioeconomy-how-to-make-trade-offs/) - The webinar on 17 June explores key questions around resource use in the European bioeconomy, focusing on how to enhance efficiency and make the most of available biomass. It examines current patterns of use, how different applications interact, and how these dynamics may develop in the future.
- [WEBINAR 22 MAY: Do Europe’s forests suffice? Forest resources and carbon sequestration](https://foresteurope.org/event/webinar-22-may-do-europes-forests-suffice/) - Forests remain important carbon sinks, but their capacity is slowing. At the same time, sustainably harvested wood can support climate goals by storing carbon and replacing more carbon-intensive materials. Building on the findings of the State of Europe’s Forests 2025 report (SoEF 2025), this webinar will explore the status and trends of forest resources and
- [Stockholm Ministerial Conference 2026](https://foresteurope.org/event/stockholm-ministerial-conference-2026/) - The tenth Forest Europe Ministerial Conference will be held in Stockholm on 2–3 June 2026. In a time of significant social, political and economic shifts, and where shared challenges call for cooperation and joint solutions, Forest Europe continues to serve as a vital platform. Forest Europe has played the leading role in defining Sustainable Forest
- [Lunch webinars exploring the indicators and data of SoEF 2025 - starting 21 April](https://foresteurope.org/event/lunch-webinars-exploring-the-indicators-and-data-of-soef-2025/) - Lunchtime webinars exploring the indicators and data of SoEF 2025.
- [Release of the State of Europe's Forests 2025 Report](https://foresteurope.org/event/release-of-the-report-state-of-europes-forests-2025/) - We are pleased to announce the release of the State of Europe’s Forests 2025 (SoEF 2025) – Forest Europe’s flagship report. The SoEF 2025 offers the most comprehensive overview of Europe’s forests – their condition, trends and contributions to sustainable development. It is an essential reference for policymakers, researchers and stakeholders, supporting evidence-based decision-making and

## Criteria & Indicators

- [Socioeconomic Functions](https://foresteurope.org/criteria_indicators/socioeconomic-functions/)
- [Protective Functions (Soil & Water)](https://foresteurope.org/criteria_indicators/protective-functions-soil-water/)
- [Forests Biological Diversity](https://foresteurope.org/criteria_indicators/forests-biological-diversity/)
- [Productive Func­tions of Forests](https://foresteurope.org/criteria_indicators/productive-functions-of-forests/)
- [Forest Ecosystem Health and Vitality](https://foresteurope.org/criteria_indicators/forest-ecosystem-health-and-vitality/)
- [Forest Resources & Global Carbon Cycles](https://foresteurope.org/criteria_indicators/forest-resources-global-carbon-cycles/)

## Publications

- [Stockholm Ministerial Declaration 2026](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/stockholm-ministerial-declaration/) - During the tenth FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference 2-3 June 2026, the pan-European FOREST EUROPE Signatory countries reaffirmed their shared commitment through the signing of the Stockholm Ministerial Declaration.
- [State of Europe's Forests 2025 Report (SoEF 2025)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/soef-2025/) - The State of Europe’s Forests 2025 report provides a comprehensive overview of the condition, management, and use of forest resources across Europe. It is based on harmonised data provided by countries and builds on internationally agreed indicators for sustainable forest management. NB. This is a corrected version uploaded in May 2026.
- [Sustainable Forests for Resilient Societies and Forest-based geopolitical preparedness in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/sustainable-forests-for-resilient-societies-and-forest-based-geopolitical-preparedness-in-europe/) - Policy Brief: Europe’s forests and forest-based value chains are increasingly recognised as strategic assets for societal resilience and geopolitical preparedness in a rapidly changing security environment. This Policy Brief highlights how sustainably managed forests can strengthen Europe’s crisis preparedness, supply security and strategic autonomy by supporting energy stability, functioning value chains and the environmental foundations of resilient societies.
- [Green forest jobs in the future forests of Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/green-forest-jobs-in-the-future-forests-of-europe/) - Green Forest Jobs in Europe are facing growing challenges linked to skills shortages, working conditions and long-term attractiveness. This Policy Brief highlights the need to improve job quality and attractiveness through reskilling, gender equality measures, and better occupational safety and health standards, while also modernising education and training and strengthening cooperation and workforce monitoring across the European forest sector.
- [Analysis of reporting rate of quantitative data in FOREST EUROPE 2025](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/analysis-of-reporting-rate-of-quantitative-data-in-forest-europe-2025/) - Under the Swedish Chairmanship, strengthening and harmonising forest reporting has been identified as a key priority. Without cohesive, standardised and comparable data, it is not possible to produce robust and policy-relevant forest statistics. This report presents a technical analysis of reporting rates for quantitative data from the Joint Pan-European Data Collection 2025, constituting the first step in a broader roadmap to strengthen and harmonise the pan-European criteria and indicators for Sustainable Forest Management.
- [SoEF 2025 Annex: Data Tables](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/soef-2025-annex-data-tables/) - SoEF 2025 Annex: Data Tables
- [Forest Europe Workprogramme 2025-2026, Liaison Unit Sweden](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/forest-europe-workprogramme-2025-2026/) - In line with the Bonn Ministerial Declaration and building on the long-term vision for Forest Europe, the implementation of the Work Programme 2025-2026 reflects overarching political priorities on, among other things, climate change, mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity protection, promoting a sustainable and circular bioeconomy and allowing flexibility regarding new and emerging issues.
- [(Summary for policymakers) Rethinking Indicator 6.5 on Forest Sector Workforce: Integrating Green Forest Jobs and Decent Work Principles](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/summary-for-policymakers-rethinking-indicator-6-5-on-forest-sector-workforce-integrating-green-forest-jobs-and-decent-work-principles/) - FOREST EUROPE set up an Expert Group on Green Forest Jobs to implement elements of the Bratislava Ministerial Declaration under the German Chairmanship. The Expert Group found that the present indicator for employment (6.5 Forest sector workforce) in the current FOREST EUROPE Set of Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management is unsatisfactory
- [Rethinking Indicator 6.5 on Forest Sector Workforce: Integrating Green Forest Jobs and Decent Work Principles](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/rethinking-indicator-6-5-on-forest-sector-workforce-integrating-green-forest-jobs-and-decent-work-principles/) - FOREST EUROPE set up an Expert Group on Green Forest Jobs to implement elements of the Bratislava Ministerial Declaration under the German Chairmanship. The Expert Group found that the present indicator for employment (6.5 Forest sector workforce) in the current FOREST EUROPE Set of Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management is unsatisfactory.
- [Implementation of the FOREST EUROPE Commitments (2024)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/implementation-of-the-forest-europe-commitments-2024/) - This implementation report 2021 – 2024 is a joint work by FOREST EUROPE signatory countries and observer organizations. The Liaison Unit Bonn would like to express their thanks for significantly determining the success of implementing the Bratislava Ministerial Resolution and the Bratislava Ministerial Decision to all contributors. The publication was produced with the financial support provided by countries of the General Coordinating Committee of the FOREST EUROPE process: the Slovak Republic, Germany and Sweden.
- [Youth Position on the Future of Europe's Forests](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/youth-position-on-the-future-of-europes-forests/) - This position paper is an outcome of the Youth Consultation Workshops organized in April and May 2024 by the International Forestry Students' Association (IFSA) 9th Ministerial Conference Task Force.
- [European forest and forest-based sector joint statement for  the 9th Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/european-forest-and-forest-based-sector-joint-statement-for-the-9th-ministerial-conference-on-the-protection-of-forests-in-europe/)
- [Are European forests fit for the future? A short story about European Forests](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/are-european-forests-fit-for-the-future-a-short-story-about-european-forests/) - Forests are high on the agenda again – both in the political domain and public attention, and we find them on a sine curve between panacea and crisis mode. Forests and forest management used to be matters of long-time spans and constant, but not abrupt, evolution. In recent years, the approach to forest issues has become more polarised. With climate change, global biodiversity decline, deforestation and forest degradation as predominant triggers, the nature of the debate on forests and policy responses has changed, and lively discussions on the priorities and optimal use of the forest resource are taking place.
- [Bonn Ministerial Declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/bonn-ministerial-declaration/) - FOREST EUROPE - Keeping Sustainable Forest Management Fit for the Future. Adopted by the Expert Level Meeting on 4 June 2024 for consideration and signature by the Ministers at the Ninth FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference.
- [Bonn Ministerial Decision](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/bonn-ministerial-decision/) - Sustainable Forest Management as a Tool to Enhance Forest Resilience. Adopted by the Expert Level Meeting on 4 June 2024 for consideration and signature by the Ministers at the Ninth FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference.
- [Novel Green Forest Jobs in Pan-Europe | Report](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/novel-green-forest-jobs-in-pan-europe-report/) - The forestry workforce in Europe has traditionally been associated with conventional roles that involve timber harvesting, logging, and forest management.
- [Status Quo Report - Supporting the recovery and sustainable management of Ukrainian forests and its forest sector](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/status-quo-report-supporting-the-recovery-and-sustainable-management-of-ukrainian-forests-and-its-forest-sector/) - This report has been prepared by the Liaison Unit Bonn of Forest Europe (LUBo) with strong support from Liubov Poliakova as contribution to implement the Ministerial Decision (see Annex) endorsed at the High-Level Policy Dialogue on 30 August 2022. The report will be presented at the first workshop of the newly established FOREST EUROPE network Ukraine support for information and further discussion. It is the understanding that at this workshop guidance will be given to LUBo to further develop this report to be as complete as possible. In addition, LUBo will update the information as soon as current information is available.
- [Expert Group Green Jobs | Policy Recommendations](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/expert-group-green-jobs-policy-recommendations/) - Promoting Green Forest Jobs is a prerequisite for the creation of resilient forests, provision of ecosystem services, innovation and sustainable development of the forest sector and thus for a climate neutral circular bioeconomy.
- [Potential for Revision of Forest Europe Indicators under Criterion 4 "Maintenance, Conservation and Appropriate Enhancement of Biological Diversity in Forest Ecosystems"](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/potential-for-revision-of-forest-europe-indicators-under-criterion-4-maintenance-conservation-and-appropriate-enhancement-of-biological-diversity-in-forest-ecosystems/) - Pan-European Criteria and Indicators (C&I) for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) have a history of 30 years and have been constantly developed since then.
- [FoRISK concept and pilot plan](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/forisk-concept-and-pilot-plan/)
- [European Forest Biodiversity Indicators at a glance](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/european-forest-biodiversity-indicators-at-a-glance/) - Biodiversity is currently one of the most prominent topics in forest policy discussions in Europe. There are discussions on how forest biodiversity can be maintained and enhanced in nowadays sustainable forest management (SFM).
- [Gender and Forest Education | Open Letter from IFSA](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/gender-and-forest-education-open-letter-from-ifsa/) - We, the International Forestry Students’ Association, call for gender equality in foresteducation, and a gender-aware learning environment. We want students and youngprofessionals of all genders to have the same opportunities in education, their choiceof study and personal development.
- [Final Report - An evaluation of the FOREST EUROPE Pan-European Forest Risk Facility (FoRISK) Pilot](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/final-report-an-evaluation-of-the-forest-europe-pan-european-forest-risk-facility-forisk-pilot/) - Building on the Bratislava Ministerial Resolution “Adapting pan-European forests to climate change” (2021), FOREST EUROPE is working towards the pan-European forest risk facility (FoRISK) to support forest adaptation to changing climatic and site conditions as well as to maintain and enhance the resilience and mitigation potential of forests at a pan-European level (B1, B2).
- [Take-home messages | High-Level Policy Dialogue 2023](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/take-home-messages-high-level-policy-dialogue-2023/) - This year’s FOREST EUROPE High-Level Policy Dialogue on the topic “Growing healthier forests: How can Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) enhance resilience” was organized by the Liaison Unit Bonn (LUBo) with the support of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture in Germany. Considering the ever-increasing risks that the climate change and biodiversity crises pose for European forests, the event offered a platform to reflect upon the synergies between SFM and resilience in the pan-European region and to discuss a joint way forward.
- [A Vision of Cooperation and Networking in the Field of Risk and Crisis Management across Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/policy-brief-a-vision-of-cooperation-and-networking-in-the-field-of-risk-and-crisis-management-across-europe/) - In recent years, Europe’s forests have suffered increasing damage from weather extremes and their consequences. In particular, old-growth forests of socio-economic and ecological value are at risk, and associated significant changes in the structure of European forests are to be expected (Forzieri et al. 2021). Current climate projections also raise concerns that forest damages will become more frequent and severe.
- [Forests for the future: How can forest resilience support Sustainable Forest Management?](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/forests-for-the-future-how-can-forest-resilience-support-sustainable-forest-management/) - European forests and news about their condition are gaining increasing attention. Extreme climatic events and more frequent large-scale disturbances challenge sustainable forest management (SFM) in policy and practice. One consequence is a strong call for more resilient forests, that is, forests that are able to cope better with disturbances and adapted to a rapidly changing climate. But what does this mean and how does this affect our understanding of SFM across Europe?
- [Mitigating windstorm damage on European forests](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/mitigating-windstorm-damage-on-european-forests/) - The impact of storms on forests and their ecosystem services can be very diverse. The spectrum ranges from local events that only affect a few forest owners to large-scale, cross border damage. However, measured by the volume of damaged timber, storms are still considered the most devastating risk factor on forests (Gardiner et al, 2013). As a result, the consequences and required management actions vary. Smaller storm events may require action of few individual forest owners, but supranational events can require transnational forest- related and economic policies and decisions. This Policy Brief focuses on “traditional” large-scale windthrows and wind breakages, particularly in conifer dominated stands, that are often more prone to storm damage and therefore still pose the greatest challenge. However, it is worth mentioning that e.g. drought effects lead to increased canopy (treetop) death in deciduous stands, which increases the risk of damage even at low wind speeds. This can lead to particular challenges, especially with regard to operational safety and health protection as well as public safety. Storm and the consequences associated with them have some special characteristics compared to most other risk factors in the forest.
- [Supporting the recovery and sustainable management of Ukrainian forests and Ukraine’s forest sector](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/supporting-the-recovery-and-sustainable-management-of-ukrainian-forests-and-ukraines-forest-sector/) - This report has been prepared by the Liaison Unit Bonn of Forest Europe (LUBo) with the support of Liubov Poliakova, a Ukrainian expert, as a contribution to implement the Ministerial Decision (see Annex 1) that was endorsed at the High-Level Policy Dialogue on 30 August 2022. The content of the report was reviewed and discussed with the FOREST EUROPE Ukraine network of experts at the FOREST EUROPE workshop on 6 June 2023.
- [Managing bark beetle outbreaks in the 21st century - Policy brief](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/managing-bark-beetle-outbreaks-in-the-21st-century-policy-brief/) - Bark beetles and other biotic agents have devastated European forests with unexpected severity. The worst is likely still ahead of us. It is crucial to devise strategies to mitigate disturbance impacts across the entire forest value chain and increase the preparedness of all actors and institutions. However, every crisis presents an opportunity. Let’s seize this one and use it to create resilient forestry sectors and forests fit for the future.
- [Communicating the important role of Sustainable Forest Management to prevent wildfires | Take-home messages](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/communicating-the-important-role-of-sustainable-forest-management-to-prevent-wildfires-take-home-messages/) - In a three-day event, from February 7 to 9, FOREST EUROPE, jointly with the European Forest Institute, Pau Costa Foundation, and the Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC) organized a workshop in Barcelona with foresters, researchers, journalists, and policymakers from different regions of Europe. The main objective was to share the growing challenges for forest managers to prevent forest fires, as well as to discuss the role of communication and media in reporting on these events, their consequences, but also the practices that are carried out to generate more resilient forests.
- [Reducing Wildfire Risk in Europe Through Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/reducing-wildfire-risk-in-europe-through-sustainable-forest-management/) - Across Europe, a growing number of large and uncontrolled wildfires are threatening values such as forest ecosystems, essential ecosystem services, populations and infrastructure. Devastating economic, social and environmental consequences of wildfires are no longer limited to the Mediterranean region but are part of the new reality in central and northern European forests which have until now been less fire-prone.
- [Youth Forest Policy Days - Final Report](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/youth-forest-policy-days-final-report/) - The Youth Forest Policy Days is an initiative organized by the International Forestry Students’ Association (IFSA) and FOREST EUROPE (FE). This event enabled the youth community to exchange knowledge, gain insights about international forest policies and learn new skills.
- [What are Green Forest Jobs? - One-page definition](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/what-are-green-forest-jobs-one-page-definition/) - The Expert Level Meeting of FOREST EUROPE held on 31 August 2022 in Bonn adopted the definition of Green Forest Jobs proposed by the Expert Group on Green Jobs. It reads: “Green Forest Jobs provide forest-related goods and services while meeting the requirements of sustainable forest management and decent work.”
- [Green Forest Jobs in the pan-European Region - Policy Brief](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/green-forest-jobs-in-the-pan-european-region-policy-brief/) - What are Green Forest Jobs and why is this topic relevant for the forest sector? After some terminologies and definitions explanations, basic figures and facts related to the traditional forest sector workforce are shown. The forest sector’s role as a potential Green Job provider is discussed. Trends and opportunities associated with the development of Green Forest Jobs in the pan-European region and recommendations to adapt to the just transition are given. However, the current limitations to assess the number of Green Forest Jobs and indicators to characterize a job as ‘green’ calls for action.
- [Green Forest Jobs in the pan-European Region - Full report](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/green-forest-jobs-in-the-pan-european-region/) - What are Green Forest Jobs and why is this topic relevant for the forest sector? After some terminologies and definitions explanations, basic figures and facts related to the traditional forest sector workforce are shown. The forest sector’s role as a potential Green Job provider is discussed. Trends and opportunities associated with the development of Green Forest Jobs in the pan-European region and recommendations to adapt to the just transition are given. However, the current limitations to assess the number of Green Forest Jobs and indicators to characterize a job as ‘green’ calls for action.
- [Ministerial Decision - Supporting the recovery and sustainable management of Ukrainian forests and its forest sector](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/ministerial-decision-supporting-the-recovery-and-sustainable-management-of-ukrainian-forests-and-its-forest-sector/) - Ministerial Decision endorsed at the High-Level Policy Dialogue, 30 August 2022, Bonn, Germany Supporting the recovery and sustainable management of Ukrainian forests and its forest sector
- [High Level Policy Dialogue 2022 - Take-home messages](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/high-level-policy-dialogue-2022-take-home-messages/) - The first FOREST EUROPE High-Level Policy Dialogue, organised by the Liaison Unit Bonn (LUBo) with the support of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture in Germany and titled “Sustainable Forest Management: unlocking forest biodiversity’s potential” aimed to reflect upon the extent to which Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) can maintain and eventually enhance forest biological diversity, while ensuring the balance with other forest ecosystem services in the pan-European region.
- [Policy Brief: Forest Biodiversity in Europe –where do we stand?](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/policy-brief-forest-biodiversity-in-europe-where-do-we-stand/) - Biodiversity is currently one of the most prominent topics in forest policy discussions in Europe. There are debates on how forest biodiversity can be maintained and enhanced in modern sustainable forest management (SFM). These discussions are not new, but require a refreshed angle towards balancing different demands on forests in an unstable world, and answers for integrative management in the future.
- [Summary for Policy Makers 2020](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/summary-for-policy-makers-2020/) - The summary provides a brief overview of the main facts from the upcoming full report. In a comprehensive format, based on the pan-European criteria for sustainable forest management, it presents key findings on the status and trends in Europe’s forests.
- [Improved Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/improved-pan-european-indicators-for-sustainable-forest-management/) - Since the first set of Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) had been developed in the early 90s, experience has shown that criteria and indicators are a very important tool for European forest policy. In the meantime knowledge and data collection systems as well as information needs have gradually developed further. Thus, initiated through the Lisbon Conference in 1998, the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) decided to improve the existing set of Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. This document contains the improved set of quantitative and qualitative Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management.
- [Bratislava Ministerial Resolution](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/bratislava-ministerial-resolution/) - We commit to strengthen our national efforts, improve international cooperation in the pan-European region and connect national and international activities to work towards a coordinated pan-European forest risk knowledge mechanism
- [Bratislava Ministerial Declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/bratislava-ministerial-declaration/) - To share the vision that European forests are sustainably managed to be resilient, healthy, productive, and multifunctional, and contribute to sustainable development by providing economic, social, environmental, and cultural benefits for present and future generations. At the same time, the role and importance of trees outside forests in rural and urban areas is recognised.
- [Conference Proceedings](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/conference-proceedings/) - Proceedings from 8th FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference, held on 14 – 15 April 2021 in Bratislava.
- [State of Europe’s Forests 2020](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/state-of-europes-forests-2020/) - The State of Europe’s Forests 2020 report (SoEF 2020) presents recent official figures and information on European forests, their management, policies, institutional and legal frameworks in the FOREST EUROPE signatory countries.
- [Implementation of the FOREST EUROPE Commitments (2020)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/implementation-of-the-forest-europe-commitments-2020/) - The information compiled in this publication provide background for political discussions and responses on current and future opportunities and challenges and can also serve as a reference point for decision-makers when formulating goals for forests in Europe for the next period as well as for FOREST EUROPE signatories and observers in planning of further activities.
- [Policy recommendations of the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on on Adaptation of Forests to Climate Change](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/policy-recommendations-of-the-forest-europe-expert-group-on-on-adaptation-of-forests-to-climate-change/) - Considering that European forests are increasingly impacted by recent natural disturbance developments, such as extreme weather events, outbreaks of pests and diseases, there is a need for a broader framework for climate change adaptation and pro-active disturbance-risk management. This brief leaflet presents policy recommendations of the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on Adaptation of Forests to Climate Change.
- [Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe (2020)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/adaptation-to-climate-change-in-sustainable-forest-management-in-europe-2020/) - The publication is focussed on integration of climate change adaptation measures to sustainable forest management in Europe. Besides Part II prepared by the team of authors, the publication also contains policy recommendations of the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group established on this topic (Part I).
- [Policy recommendations of the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on Human Health and Well-being](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/policy-recommendations-of-the-forest-europe-expert-group-on-human-health-and-well-being/) - Forests have an important role to play in preventative health care. The research shows that forests improve the quality of life and wellbeing in general. This brief leaflet presents policy recommendations of the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on Human Health and Well-being.
- [Leaflet: Web Portal on Forest Ecosystem Services](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/leaflet-web-portal-on-forest-ecosystem-services/) - The FOREST EUROPE Web-based Portal on Forest Ecosystem Services (FES) is a tool that aggregates information on valuation of and payments for FES in one place via simple browsing systems.
- [Analysis of different approaches and methodologies on valuation and payments for forest ecosystem services in the pan-European region](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/analysis-of-different-approaches-and-methodologies-on-valuation-and-payments-for-forest-ecosystem-services-in-the-pan-european-region/) - The publication “Analysis of different approaches and methodologies on valuation and payments for forest ecosystem services in the-pan-European region” was prepared within the implementation of the Action 4.4 “Incorporating the value of forest ecosystem services in a green economy” of the FOREST EUROPE Work Programme 2016–2020.
- [Pilot study – Forest Fragmentation Indicator (2019)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/pilot-study-forest-fragmentation-indicator-2019/) - The pilot study “Forest Fragmentation Indicator” was compiled by the FOREST EUROPE Liaison Unit Bratislava in cooperation with external expert and reviewed by FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on the Implementation of the Updated Pan-European Indicators for SFM.
- [Pilot study – Common Forest Bird Species](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/pilot-study-common-forest-bird-species/) - The pilot study “Common Forest Bird Species Indicator” was compiled by the FOREST EUROPE Liaison Unit Bratislava in cooperation with external expert and reviewed by FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on the Implementation of the Updated Pan-European Indicators for SFM.
- [Pilot study – Forest Land Degradation (2019)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/pilot-study-forest-land-degradation-2019/) - The pilot study “Forest Land Degradation Indicator” was compiled by the FOREST EUROPE Liaison Unit Bratislava and reviewed by FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on the Implementation of the Updated Pan-European Indicators for SFM.
- [Pro-active management of forests to combat climate change driven risks (2019)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/pro-active-management-of-forests-to-combat-climate-change-driven-risks-2019/) - Workshop report from the workshop Pro-active Management of Forests to Combat Climate Change Driven Risks: Policies and measures for increasing forest resilience and climate change adaptation, that was held on September 3-4, 2019 in Istanbul, Turkey.
- [Forests for Human Health: Challenges and Opportunities](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/forests-for-human-health-challenges-and-opportunities/) - Workshop report from the workshop Forests for Human Health: Challenges and Opportunities that was held 8 – 9 April 2019 in Vienna, Austria. The workshop was organized by FOREST EUROPE Liaison Unit Bratislava in cooperation with the Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW).
- [Doctor Forest](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/doctor-forest/) - A lot of existing Forest Pedagogy activities (games, demonstrations, field and research activities, other Forest Pedagogy practices) are suitable for illustrating the importance of forests and forest ecosystem services for human health. Nevertheless, it is necessary for forest pedagogues to be able to explain these benefits.
- [Valuation and Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services in the pan-European region](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/valuation-and-payments-for-forest-ecosystem-services-in-the-pan-european-region/) - Final Report of the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on Valuation and Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services.
- [Understanding the Contribution of Agroforestry to Landscape Resilience in Europe: How can policy foster agroforestry towards climate change adaptation?](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/understanding-the-contribution-of-agroforestry-to-landscape-resilience-in-europe-how-can-policy-foster-agroforestry-towards-climate-change-adaptation/) - Report from workshop “Understanding the Contribution of Agroforestry to Landscape Resilience in Europe: How can policy foster agroforestry towards climate change adaptation?” held 9 – 10 October 2018 in Budapest, Hungary.
- [Enhancing the Long-term Competitiveness of the Forest Sector in a Green Economy (2018)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/enhancing-the-long-term-competitiveness-of-the-forest-sector-in-a-green-economy/) - Report from the workshop “Enhancing the Long-term Competitiveness of the Forest Sector in a Green Economy: Policies for Forest-based Bioeconomy in Europe”, held 29 May 2018 in Brussels.
- [Bioeconomy and European Forest Week 2017 – German version](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/bioeconomy-and-european-forest-week-2017-german-version/) - Activity booklet “Bioeconomy and European Forest Week 2017 – A great chance to see the role of our forests in education for sustainable development” with background information describing bioeconomy and explaining how bioeconomy relates to forestry.
- [Bioeconomy and European Forest Week 2017](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/bioeconomy-and-european-forest-week-2017/) - Activity booklet “Bioeconomy and European Forest Week 2017 – A great chance to see the role of our forests in education for sustainable development” with background information describing bioeconomy and explaining how bioeconomy relates to forestry.
- [Leaflet – The Updated pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management (2015)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/leaflet-the-updated-pan-european-indicators-for-sustainable-forest-management/) - Criteria and indicators (C&I) are a basic tool in monitoring, assessing, implementing and promoting sustainable forest management (SFM) by providing relevant information for policy makers in forestry and other sectors, and to the broad public. C&I can be considered an inevitable part of SFM definition.
- [Report on the Mid-term Evaluation of the Goals for European Forests and the European 2020 Targets for Forests (2015)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/report-on-the-mid-term-evaluation-of-the-goals-for-european-forests-and-the-european-2020-targets-for-forests-2015/) - Report on the Mid-term Evaluation of the Goals for European Forests and the European 2020 Targets for Forests.
- [Corrigendum Summary for Policy Makers (2015)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/corrigendum-summary-for-policy-makers-2015/) - Corrigendum to Summary for Policy Makers 2015.
- [Summary for Policy Makers (2015)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/summary-for-policy-makers-2015/) - The Summary for Policy Makers is a brief document based on information included in the “State of Europe’s Forests 2015”report.
- [Expert Group and Workshop on Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services – final report (2014)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/expert-group-and-workshop-on-valuation-of-forest-ecosystem-services-final-report-2014/) - Final report of Expert Group and Workshop on Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services. Group of Expert (2012-2014) & Belgrade Workshop (Republic of Serbia), 24-25 September 2014.
- [Governance and Forest Law Enforcement – Workshop report (2012)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/governance-and-forest-law-enforcement-workshop-report-2012/) - Workshop report from FOREST EUROPE Workshop on Green Economy and Social Aspects of SFM held20-21 November 2012, in Budapest, Hungary.
- [Policy Brief: Forest Europe Policy Tools (2011)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/policy-brief-forest-europe-policy-tools-2011/) - The pan-European policies and tools for sustainable forest management.
- [Policy Brief: State of Europe's Forests (2011)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/policy-brief-state-of-europes-forests-2011/) - Policy Brief about State of Europe´s Forests 2011, Status and Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe.
- [Human Health and Sustainable Forest Management Human Health and Sustainable Forest Management (2019)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/human-health-and-sustainable-forest-management-human-health-and-sustainable-forest-management-2019/) - The study “Human Health and Sustainable Forest Management” was prepared by the team of authors led by the FOREST EUROPE Expert Group on Human Health and Well-being established in the framework of the FOREST EUROPE Work Programme 2016-2020. Members of the Expert group helped to shape scope and focus of the publication as well as to collect good practise examples from several European countries.
- [Streamline Global Forest Reporting and Strengthen Collaboration among International Criteria and Indicator Processes (2011)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/streamline-global-forest-reporting-and-strengthen-collaboration-among-international-criteria-and-indicator-processes-2011/) - Proceedings of the joint workshop to Streamline Global Forest Reporting and Strengthen Collaboration among International Criteria and Indicator Processes.
- [Study on the issues of illegal logging and related trade of timber and other forest products issues in Europe (2011)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/study-on-the-issues-of-illegal-logging-and-related-trade-of-timber-and-other-forest-products-issues-in-europe-2011/) - Final report of Study on the issues of illegal logging and related trade of timber and other forest products issues in Europe, commissioned by MCPFE-LU-Warsaw to the international project team.
- [Wood Mobilisation Guidance – Report (2010)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/wood-mobilisation-guidance-report-2010/) - Jointly developed report – Good practice guidance on the sustainable mobilisation of wood in Europe.
- [Wood Mobilisation Guidance – Brochure (2010)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/wood-mobilisation-guidance-brochure-2010/) - Brochure about Wood Mobilisation Guidance.
- [Preserving the Roots of our Future pages (2010)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/preserving-the-roots-of-our-future-pages-2010/) - FOREST EUROPE is the pan-European policy process for sustainable management of the continent’s forests. It develops common strategies to meet challenges like climate change, protection of biodiversity and freshwater in Europe and globally.
- [Assessment of Forest Fire Risks and Innovative Strategies for Fire Prevention (2010)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/assessment-of-forest-fire-risks-and-innovative-strategies-for-fire-prevention-2010/) - Workshop report form Assessment of Forest Fire Risks and Innovative Strategies for Fire Prevention Workshop held 4–6 May 2010 Rhodes, Greece.
- [Enriching Forest Biodiversity FOREST EUROPE is implementing Convention on Biological Diversity provisions (2010)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/enriching-forest-biodiversity-forest-europe-is-implementing-convention-on-biological-diversity-provisions-2010/) - The analysis shows that FOREST EUROPE has addressed the objectives of the CBD’s Extended Programme of Work on Forest Biological Diversity (PoW) as well as subsequent forest-related CBD decisions to a large extent.
- [Guidelines for Afforestation and Reforestation (2009)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/guidelines-for-afforestation-and-reforestation-2009/) - Pan-European Guidelines for Afforestation and Reforestation with a special focus on the provisions of the UNFCCC.
- [MCPFE Information Document on Data Collection and Compiling the Statistics On Protected and Protective Forest and Other Wooded Land in Europe (2009)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/mcpfe-information-document-on-data-collection-and-compiling-the-statistics-on-protected-and-protective-forest-and-other-wooded-land-in-europe-2009/) - MCPFE Information Document on Data Collection and Compiling the Statistics On Protected and Protective Forest and Other Wooded Land in Europe.
- [Sustainable Forest Management and Influences on Water Resources – Coordinating Policies on Forests and Water (2009)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/sustainable-forest-management-and-influences-on-water-resources-coordinating-policies-on-forests-and-water-2009/) - Proceedings from Sustainable Forest Management and Influences on Water Resources – Coordinating Policies on Forests and Water Workshop held 12–14 May 2009 in Antalya, Turkey.
- [Inter-Criteria and Indicators (C&I) Process Collaboration Workshop- Report (2007)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/inter-criteria-and-indicators-ci-process-collaboration-workshop-report-2007/) - A collaborative effort by the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE), the Montreal Process, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the U.S. Forest Service
- [Combating Illegal Harvesting and Related Trade of Forest Products in Europe (2007)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/combating-illegal-harvesting-and-related-trade-of-forest-products-in-europe-2007/) - Report for the MCPFE Workshop held in Madrid, Spain 3-4 November, 2005.
- [Europeans and Wood (2007)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/europeans-and-wood-2007/) - What do Europeans think about wood and its uses? A review of consumer and business surveys in Europe.
- [Europe’s Forests (2007)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/europes-forests-2007/) - This publication presents the key findings of the report State of Europe’s Forests 2007, the report was jointly prepared by the MCPFE Liaison Unit Warsaw, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- [Policies Fostering Investments and Innovations in Support of Rural Development – Seminar proceedings (2006)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/policies-fostering-investments-and-innovations-in-support-of-rural-development-seminar-proceedings-2006/) - Proceedings of International Seminar on Policies Fostering Investments and Innovations in Support of Rural Development, held on 27-29 March, 2006 in Zvolen – Sielnica, Slovakia.
- [Sustainable Forest Management and the Ecosystem Approach (2005)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/sustainable-forest-management-and-the-ecosystem-approach-2005/) - Outcome of the MCPFE and EfE/PEBLDS ad hoc Working Group on Development of the Pan-European Understanding of the linkage between the Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable Forest Management.
- [Joint position of the MCPFE and the EfE/PEBLDS on The Pan-European Understanding of the Linkage Between the Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable Forest Management (2006)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/joint-position-of-the-mcpfe-and-the-efe-peblds-on-the-pan-european-understanding-of-the-linkage-between-the-ecosystem-approach-and-sustainable-forest-management-2006/) - Joint Position of the MCPFE and the EfE/PEBLDS on the Pan-European Understanding of the Linkage Between the Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable Forest Management.
- [Forestry and our Cultural Heritage (2006)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/forestry-and-our-cultural-heritage-2006/) - Proceedings of the Seminar held in 13-15 June, 2005, Sunne, Sweden.
- [Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Forest Management: The Role of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 1 (2006)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/cultural-heritage-and-sustainable-forest-management-the-role-of-traditional-knowledge-vol-1-2006/) - Proceedings of the Conference held 8-11 June, 2006, Florence, Italy.
- [Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Forest Management: The Role of Traditional Knowledge, Vol.2 (2006)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/cultural-heritage-and-sustainable-forest-management-the-role-of-traditional-knowledge-vol-2-2006/) - Proceedings of the Conference held 8-11 June, 2006, Florence, Italy.
- [National Forest Programmes in Europe (2005)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/national-forest-programmes-in-europe-2005/) - Steps taken by the MCPFE towards the development, dissemination and implementation of the concept of the National Forest Programmes in Europe.
- [Afforestation and Reforestation for Climate Change Mitigation: Potentials for Pan-European Action (2004)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/afforestation-and-reforestation-for-climate-change-mitigation-potentials-for-pan-european-action-2004/) - Afforestation and reforestation activities enjoy high attention at the policy agenda as measures for carbon sequestration in order to mitigate climate change. But the establishment of new forested areas can endanger other environmental and social services, including biological diversity.
- [Europeans and Their Forests (2003)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/europeans-and-their-forests-2003/) - What do Europeans think about forests and sustainable forest management? A review of representative public opinion surveys in Europe.
- [Europe’s Forests in the Spotlight (2003)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/europes-forests-in-the-spotlight-2003/) - On the occasion of the Living Forest Summit in Vienna, the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) presents up-to-date information on the state of Europe’s forests, comprising data from 40 European countries of the MCPFE.
- [Protected Forests in Europe (2003)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/protected-forests-in-europe-2003/) - The Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) developed a common tool for assessing protected forests. The new MCPFE Assessment Guidelines pave the way for collecting comparable data and presenting comprehensive information on protected forests.
- [Where to Find Forest Data (2003)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/where-to-find-forest-data-2003/) - A Pan-European Overview of International Institutions and Networks for Data Collection, Storage and Reporting Related to Sustainable Forest Management in 2003
- [Improved Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management (2002)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/improved-pan-european-indicators-for-sustainable-forest-management-2002/) - Improved Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management as adopted by the MCPFE Expert Level Meeting 7-8 October 2002, Vienna, Austria.
- [Public Participation in Forestry in Europe and North America (2002)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/public-participation-in-forestry-in-europe-and-north-america-2002/) - Synopsis of the Report of the FAO/ECE/ILO Joint Committee Team of Specialists on Participation in Forestry.
- [MCPFE Proposals for Action (2001)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/mcpfe-proposals-for-action-2001/) - The assessment of the relation between the work of the MCPFE and the IPF/IFF proposals for action was carried out in autumn 2000. Its aim is to make visible linkages of MCPFE work to the proposals for action agreed upon by IPF and IFF. The results of the assessment were presented at the Third Expert Level Meeting of the MCPFE (25-26 September 2000, Vienna/Austria).
- [State of Europe's Forests 2015](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/state-of-europes-forests-2015/) - The State of Europe’s Forests 2015 report serve as background information for political discussions on future opportunities and challenges, and the associated political responses. This report is focused on the current status and trends (10-year trends and 25-year trends) of European forests and sustainable forest management in the period 1990-2015 and has been prepared for the 7th Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, held in Madrid on 20-21 October 2015.
- [Madrid Ministerial Declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/madrid-ministerial-declaration/) - We commit to addressing global challenges at the regional level. This document also contains the updated set of pan-European indicators for sustainable forest management (SFM) both quantitative and qualitative.
- [Madrid Ministerial Decision (The future direction of FOREST EUROPE)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/madrid-ministerial-decision-the-future-direction-of-forest-europe/) - Decision to review the FOREST EUROPE process, specially its structure, procedures and work modalities, reflecting on the lessons learnt, in order to make it more effective and inclusive, with the specificities set out in forthcoming terms.
- [Madrid Ministerial Decision (Extraordinary Ministerial Conference)](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/madrid-ministerial-decision/) - At latest by 2020, will explore possible ways to find common ground on the Legally Binding Agreement.
- [RESOLUTION M1 Forest sector in the center of Green Economy](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-m1-forest-sector-in-the-center-of-green-economy/) - We commit to enhancing the role of the sustainable forest management in a green economy, enhancing the social aspects of sustainable forest management, including promoting green jobs in forests, incorporating the value of forests ecosystem services in a green economy.
- [RESOLUTION M2 Protection of forests in a changing environment](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-m2-protection-of-forests-in-a-changing-environment/) - We commit to enhancing the protection of forests, strengthening cooperation in the pan-European region
- [State of Europe's Forests 2011](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/state-of-europes-forests-2011/) - The State of Europe's Forests 2011 report provides a comprehensive up-to-date description of the status and trends of forests and forest management in Europe. The report is structured according to the Pan-European Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. It also contains an extensive data annex with detailed information for over 40 countries.
- [Oslo Ministerial Mandate for Negotiating a Legally Binding Agreement on Forests in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/oslo-ministerial-mandate-for-negotiating-a-legally-binding-agreement-on-forests-in-europe/) - Decision to take further international action consisting of the elaboration of a legally binding agreement on forests in Europe and to establish an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee with the mandate to develop a legally binding agreement on forests in Europe.
- [SoEF 2020 - Policy Brief](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/policy-brief/) - The SoEF report provides a sound, objective, and comprehensive basis for the ongoing debate and decisions on the future direction of forest management in Europe.
- [Oslo Ministerial Decision: European Forests 2020](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/oslo-ministerial-decision-european-forests-2020/) - Vision, mission and common targets for European forests
- [State of Europe's Forests 2007](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/state-of-europes-forests-2007/) - comprehensive and up-to-date description of the situation and the management of European forests as well as the related policies and institutions
- [Warsaw Declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/warsaw-declaration/) - The challenge for all governments and civil society is to protect and sustainably use the Earth’s natural resources. European forests have a vital role to play, as they can improve and benefit the quality of life and in particular contribute to climate change mitigation, energy supply and water protection.
- [RESOLUTION W1 Forests, Wood and Energy](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-w1-forests-wood-and-energy/) - commit themselves to enhancing the role of the forest sector in energy production
- [RESOLUTION W2 Forests and Water](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-w2-forests-and-water/) - commit themselves to sustainable management of forests in relation to water
- [State of Europe's Forest 2003](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/state-of-europes-forest-2003/) - SoEF gives an overview of the latest facts and figures on forests and paints a picture of the status of sustainable forest management in Europe. It is structured according to the six Pan-European Criteria for Sustainable Forest Management, which define the goals of sustainable forest management
- [Vienna General Declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/vienna-general-declaration/) - we commit ourselves to benefiting rural livelihood and urban societies, building strong partnerships, tackling global challenges, putting commitments into action
- [RESOLUTION V1 Strengthen synergies for sustainable forest management in Europe through cross-sectoral co-operation and national forest programmes](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-v1-strengthen-synergies-for-sustainable-forest-management-in-europe-through-cross-sectoral-co-operation-and-national-forest-programmes/) - work towards an improved understanding of cross-sectoral issues at the pan-European level, identify key issues, actors and interaction to be considered in the regional context and enhance co-operation and dialogue to pro-actively seek solutions
- [RESOLUTION V2 Enhancing economic viability of sustainable forest management in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-v2-enhancing-economic-viability-of-sustainable-forest-management-in-europe/) - adjust policy and legal frameworks and instruments to support sound enabling conditions for sustainable forest management that encourage investment and economic activity in the forest sector
- [RESOLUTION V3 Preserving and enhancing the social and cultural dimensions of sustainable forest management in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-v3-preserving-and-enhancing-the-social-and-cultural-dimensions-of-sustainable-forest-management-in-europe/) - address the social and cultural dimensions of sustainable forest management in national forest programmes and other relevant policies
- [RESOLUTION V4 Conserving and enhancing forest biological diversity in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-v4-conserving-and-enhancing-forest-biological-diversity-in-europe/) - address the maintenance, conservation, restoration and appropriate enhancement of forest biological diversity in national forest programmes and other relevant policies and programmes, and to set measures to achieve the coherence and mutual supportiveness of these policies
- [RESOLUTION V5 Climate change and sustainable forest management in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-v5-climate-change-and-sustainable-forest-management-in-europe/) - commit themselves to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas net emissions, inter alia from burning fossil fuels through a) promoting the efficient and sound use of wood in order to replace non-renewable resources and energy intensive production techniques, b) promoting a significant increase in the efficient generation and use of bio-energy from sustainably managed forest resources as well as wood residues,
- [Lisbon General Declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/lisbon-general-declaration/) - we declare our commitment to enhance the social and economic elements of sustainable forest management and strengthen the links between the forest sector and society by increasing dialogue and mutual understanding on sustainable forest management and the role of forests and forestry
- [RESOLUTION L1 People, Forests and Forestry – Enhancement of Socio-Economic Aspects of Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-l1-people-forests-and-forestry-enhancement-of-socio-economic-aspects-of-sustainable-forest-management/) - commit themselves to promote: 1. The implementation of the General Guidelines and Future Actions set out in this resolution; 2. The exchange of experience and co-operation in carrying out the Future Actions within Europe through existing international organisations and institutions.
- [RESOLUTION L2 Pan-European Criteria, Indicators and Operational Level Guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-l2-pan-european-criteria-indicators-and-operational-level-guidelines-for-sustainable-forest-management/) - Guidelines for each criterion, divided into the two parts: Forest Management Planning and Forest Management Practices, focused on basic ecological, economical and social requirements for sustainable forest management.
- [Helsinki General Declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/helsinki-general-declaration/) - Collaborate in the collection of data and the production of periodic reports on progress towards achieving the protection and sustainable management of forests in Europe
- [RESOLUTION H1 General Guidelines for the Sustainable Management of Forests in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-h1-general-guidelines-for-the-sustainable-management-of-forests-in-europe/) - “sustainable management” means the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems
- [RESOLUTION H2 General Guidelines for the Conservation of the Biodiversity of European Forests](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-h2-general-guidelines-for-the-conservation-of-the-biodiversity-of-european-forests/) - The conservation and appropriate enhancement of biodiversity should be an essential operational element in sustainable forest management and should be adequately addressed, together with other objectives set for forests, in forestry policies and legislation
- [RESOLUTION H4 Strategies for a Process of Long-term Adaptation of Forests in Europe to Climate Change](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-h4-strategies-for-a-process-of-long-term-adaptation-of-forests-in-europe-to-climate-change/) - commit themselves to support appropriate measures for the mitigation of climate change and the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, as provided for in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and further to support national and international research into, and to enhance international cooperation on, the following subjects: – the impact of possible climate change on forest ecosystems and forestry – the possible adaptation of forest ecosystems and forestry to climate change – the mitigation of the adverse effects of climate change by forest ecosystems and forestry in Europe, and for that purpose identify the following specific areas for research and future action.
- [RESOLUTION H3 Forestry Cooperation with Countries with Economies in Transition](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-h3-forestry-cooperation-with-countries-with-economies-in-transition/) - commit themselves to promote and support cooperation for mutual benefits, within the framework of the following General Guidelines, in order to provide relevant expertise and advice, and to invite appropriate organisations and institutions to do likewise.
- [Pan-European Guidelines for afforestation and reforestation with a special focus on the provisions of the UNFCCC](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/pan-european-guidelines-for-afforestation-and-reforestation-with-a-special-focus-on-the-provisions-of-the-unfccc/) - Set of recommendations to implement economically viable, environmentally sound and socially equitable afforestation and reforestation programmes and projects.
- [State of Europe's Forest 2020](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/state-of-europes-forest-2020/) - The State of Europe’s Forests 2020 (SoEF 2020) is based on the best available information and the work of over one hundred national correspondents, scientists, and experts
- [Guidelines on the promotion of green jobs in forestry](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/guidelines-on-the-promotion-of-green-jobs-in-forestry/) - to assist stakeholders in the forestry sector to successfully navigate the transition to a forest sector that is fully engaged in the green economy.
- [Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/adaptation-to-climate-change-in-sustainable-forest-management-in-europe/) - Set of policy recommendations for integration of adaptation measures into SFM in Europe.
- [RESOLUTION S6 European Network for Research into Forest Ecosystems](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-s6-european-network-for-research-into-forest-ecosystems/) - commit themselves to better combine their research efforts at the international level, on the management of forestry ecosystems and, to this end, to set up a European network for research into forestry ecosystems.
- [RESOLUTION S5 Expansion of the EUROSILVA Network of Research on Tree Physiology](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-s5-expansion-of-the-eurosilva-network-of-research-on-tree-physiology/) - commit themselves to set up a joint European research programme on tree physiology within the expanded EUROSILVA network, in accordance with the Oak n°3 resolution of the SILVA conference.
- [RESOLUTION S4 Adapting the Management of Mountain Forests to New Environmental Conditions](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-s4-adapting-the-management-of-mountain-forests-to-new-environmental-conditions/) - commit themselves to strive to mobilize their resources in common so as to advance together in a few concrete projects which are the basis of their forestry policy for mountain ecosystems
- [RESOLUTION S3 Decentralized European Data Bank on Forest Fires](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-s3-decentralized-european-data-bank-on-forest-fires/) - commit themselves to study the feasibility of a decentralized European data bank on forest fires
- [RESOLUTION S2 Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-s2-conservation-of-forest-genetic-resources/) - commit themselves to implement in their own countries, using whatever methods seem most appropriate, a policy for the conservation of forest genetic resources.
- [Strasbourg General Declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/strasbourg-general-declaration/) - declare their intention to: promote and reinforce cooperation between European states in the field of forest protection and sustainable management, by developing exchanges of information and experience, and by supporting the efforts of the international organizations concerned,
- [RESOLUTION S1: European Network of Permanent Sample Plots for Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems](https://foresteurope.org/publications_type/resolution-s1-european-network-of-permanent-sample-plots-for-monitoring-of-forest-ecosystems/) - European Network of Permanent Sample Plots for Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems

## Members

- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22492/)
- [Auto Draft](https://foresteurope.org/members/auto-draft-3/) - Network of European Regions for Innovation in Agriculture, Food and Forestry (ERIAFF)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22472/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22544/)
- [Automatiskt utkast](https://foresteurope.org/members/automatiskt-utkast-3/)
- [Automatiskt utkast](https://foresteurope.org/members/automatiskt-utkast-2/)
- [Automatiskt utkast](https://foresteurope.org/members/automatiskt-utkast/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22502/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22509/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22508/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22507/)
- [Auto Draft](https://foresteurope.org/members/auto-draft-2/) - Green Türkiye was founded in Istanbul in 1950 to "spread the love of trees and forests and to enable its members to develop professionally, culturally and socially." In 1960, it gained the status of a "Public Benefit Association" and gained the right to use the term "Turkey" in its name . The headquarters of Green Turkey is currently in
- [Auto Draft](https://foresteurope.org/members/auto-draft/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/23037/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22506/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22505/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22504/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22503/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22501/) - Madrid hosted two FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conferences in October 2015: the 7th Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, and the Extraordinary Ministerial Conference that received the results of the work of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Legally Binding Agreement on Forests in Europe. Read more here.
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22500/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22499/) - The Slovak Republic took over the chair of FOREST EUROPE from Spain in 2016 and served with its Liaison Unit until 2021. At the Ministerial Conference held in April 2021, the Bratislava Ministerial Declaration “The Future We Want: The Forests We Need” and the Bratislava Ministerial Resolution Adapting pan-European Forests to Climate Change were signed.
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22498/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22497/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22496/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22495/) - The Third Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe was held in Lisbon in June 1998, socio-economic aspects of sustainable forest management were given considerable emphasis. In this context, the conference particularly focused on the relationship and interaction between forest and society. Read more here.
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22493/) - The 6th FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe was convened on 14-16 June 2011 in Oslo, Norway. At the Conference, ministers responsible for forests in Europe adopted European 2020 Targets for the protection and sustainable management of forests. Read more here.
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22494/) - The Fifth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe “Forests for Quality of Life” was held on 5–7 November 2007 in Warsaw, Poland. At the Conference, ministers and high-level representatives of 46 European countries and the European Union endorsed the Warsaw Declaration and two Warsaw Resolutions: “Forests, Wood and Energy” and “Forests and
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22463/) - Under the slogan “Living Forest Summit”, ministers responsible for forests from 41 European countries and a representative of the European Union as well as representatives of 4 non-European countries and 24 international organisations gathered at the Fourth Ministerial Conference in April 2003 in Vienna under the joint chairmanship of Austria and Poland. Read more here.
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22475/) - The first ever FOREST EUROPE meeting was in Strasbourg in 1990, and the aim was to promote and reinforce cooperation between European states in the field of forest protection and sustainable management, by developing exchanges of information and experience, and by supporting the efforts of the international organizations concerned. Read more here.
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22474/) - The General Declaration and the four Helsinki Resolutions from 1993 reflect Europe’s approaches to global environmental issues, namely the promotion of sustainable forest management, the conservation of biological diversity, strategies regarding the consequences of possible climate change for the forest sector, and increasing co-operation with countries in transition to market economies. Read more here.
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22491/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22490/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22489/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22488/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22487/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22486/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22482/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22483/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22484/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22485/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22479/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22480/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22481/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22476/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22477/) - Bonn has been the European Forest City 2020, and since the beginning of 2021 the City is now hosting another forest-related organisation, the international secretariat of FOREST EUROPE. Since Germany has taken over as chair in 2021, the international secretariat called Liaison Unit Bonn (LUBO) has been established in Bonn. LUBO – led by Thomas Haußmann from the German Federal
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22478/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22473/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22471/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22470/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22469/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22468/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22467/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22466/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22465/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22464/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22462/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22461/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22571/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22573/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22568/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22569/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22570/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22565/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22566/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22567/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22562/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22563/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22564/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22558/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22559/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22560/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22561/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22555/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22556/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22557/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22551/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22552/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22553/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22554/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22548/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22549/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22550/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22545/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22546/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22547/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22541/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22542/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22543/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22538/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22539/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22540/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22534/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22535/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22536/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22537/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22530/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22531/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22532/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22533/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22527/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22528/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22529/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22524/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22525/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22526/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22520/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22521/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22522/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22523/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22516/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22517/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22518/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22519/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22513/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22514/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22515/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22510/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22511/)
- [](https://foresteurope.org/members/22512/)

## Green Jobs

- [Painter, Germany](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/painter-germany/)
- [Gelzhäuser Forst, Germany](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/gelzhauser-forst-germany/)
- [Forestry Advisor, New Zealand](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/forestry-advisor-new-zealand/)
- [AgroForMed, France](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/agroformed-france/)
- [Communications Associate at CIFOR-ICRAF, Philippines](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/communications-associate-at-cifor-icraf-philippines/)
- [Silvflame, UK](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/silvflame-uk/)
- [The cutting edge, Austria](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/the-cutting-edge-austria/)
- [Afforestation, Iceland](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/afforestation-iceland/)
- [Bioeconomy specialization, Finland](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/bioeconomy-specialization-finland/)
- [Xilva (Sustainable Finance), Austria-Spain](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/xilva-sustainable-finance-austria-spain/)
- [Tractor driver, Czechia](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/tractor-driver-czechia/)
- [LIFE+ ForBioSensing, Poland](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/life-forbiosensing-poland/)
- [Equal Chances in Forestry, Poland](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/equal-chances-in-forestry-poland/)
- [Staying Healthy in the Forestry Apprenticeship, Switzerland](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/staying-healthy-in-the-forestry-apprenticeship-switzerland/)
- [ABA International, Czechia](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/aba-international/)
- [Forest bathing, Scotland](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/forest-bathing-scotland/)
- [Project Learning Tree, Canada](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/project-learning-tree-canada/)
- [Cableway operator, Czechia](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/cableway-operator-czechia/)
- [Sonian Forest Rangers, Belgium](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/sonian-forest-rangers-belgium/)
- [Flensburg Forest Kindergarten, Germany](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/flensburg-forest-kindergarten-germany/)
- [Fem4Forest, Slovenia](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/fem4forest-slovenia/)
- [Protective Forest Hub, Austria](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/protective-forest-hub-austria/)
- [Climate Resilient Rural Development, Georgia](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/climate-resilient-rural-development-georgia/)
- [Woziwoda Forest District, Poland](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/woziwoda/)
- [A day with a forester, Czech Republic](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/a-day-with-a-forester-czech-republic/)
- [Nature Related Jobs, Sweden](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/nature-related-jobs-sweden/)
- [Social Forestry, Austria](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/social-forestry-austria/)
- [Biofertilizers and Biopesticides, Spain](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/biofertilizers-and-biopesticides-spain/)
- [Green Jobs in the Forest Sector, Germany](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/green-jobs-in-the-forest-sector-germany/)
- [Armenia Tree Project, Armenia](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/armenia-tree-project-armenia/)
- [Nádúr Forest Therapy Interventions, Ireland](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/nadur-forest-therapy-interventions-ireland/)

## Categories

- [Uncategorized](https://foresteurope.org/category/uncategorized/)
- [risk-prevention](https://foresteurope.org/category/risk-prevention/)
- [sustainable_forest_management](https://foresteurope.org/category/sustainable_forest_management/)
- [green-jobs](https://foresteurope.org/category/green-jobs/)
- [news post](https://foresteurope.org/category/news-post/)
- [forest education](https://foresteurope.org/category/forest-education/)
- [rapid response](https://foresteurope.org/category/rapid-response/)
- [Builder-post](https://foresteurope.org/category/builder-post/)
- [Preparedness](https://foresteurope.org/category/preparedness/)

## Tags

- [business](https://foresteurope.org/tag/business/)
- [forest health](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-health/)
- [European forests](https://foresteurope.org/tag/european-forests/)
- [forest europe](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-europe/)
- [journalism](https://foresteurope.org/tag/journalism/)
- [media](https://foresteurope.org/tag/media/)
- [SoEF](https://foresteurope.org/tag/soef/)
- [State of Europe's Forest](https://foresteurope.org/tag/state-of-europes-forest/)
- [sustainable forest management](https://foresteurope.org/tag/sustainable-forest-management/)
- [forest risk](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-risk/)
- [think tank](https://foresteurope.org/tag/think-tank/)
- [remote sensing](https://foresteurope.org/tag/remote-sensing/)
- [close-range remote sensingg](https://foresteurope.org/tag/close-range-remote-sensingg/)
- [airborne remote sensing](https://foresteurope.org/tag/airborne-remote-sensing/)
- [spaceborne remote sensing](https://foresteurope.org/tag/spaceborne-remote-sensing/)
- [forest monitoring](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-monitoring/)
- [LiDAR](https://foresteurope.org/tag/lidar/)
- [forest education](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-education/)
- [policy](https://foresteurope.org/tag/policy/)
- [forest services](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-services/)
- [green jobs](https://foresteurope.org/tag/green-jobs/)
- [governance](https://foresteurope.org/tag/governance/)
- [africa](https://foresteurope.org/tag/africa/)
- [europe](https://foresteurope.org/tag/europe/)
- [forest management](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-management/)
- [pilot](https://foresteurope.org/tag/pilot/)
- [forest fires](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-fires/)
- [rapid response](https://foresteurope.org/tag/rapid-response/)
- [Ukraine](https://foresteurope.org/tag/ukraine/)
- [biodiversity](https://foresteurope.org/tag/biodiversity/)
- [migration](https://foresteurope.org/tag/migration/)
- [forest workers](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-workers/)
- [workshop](https://foresteurope.org/tag/workshop/)
- [policymaking](https://foresteurope.org/tag/policymaking/)
- [forest](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest/)
- [youth](https://foresteurope.org/tag/youth/)
- [students](https://foresteurope.org/tag/students/)
- [education](https://foresteurope.org/tag/education/)
- [university](https://foresteurope.org/tag/university/)
- [forestry](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forestry/)
- [jobs](https://foresteurope.org/tag/jobs/)
- [forest skills](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-skills/)
- [risk management](https://foresteurope.org/tag/risk-management/)
- [wildfires](https://foresteurope.org/tag/wildfires/)
- [communication](https://foresteurope.org/tag/communication/)
- [research](https://foresteurope.org/tag/research/)
- [forest jobs](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-jobs/)
- [forests](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forests/)
- [czechia](https://foresteurope.org/tag/czechia/)
- [prevention](https://foresteurope.org/tag/prevention/)
- [preparedness](https://foresteurope.org/tag/preparedness/)
- [support](https://foresteurope.org/tag/support/)
- [recovery](https://foresteurope.org/tag/recovery/)
- [restoration](https://foresteurope.org/tag/restoration/)
- [storms](https://foresteurope.org/tag/storms/)
- [forest disturbances](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-disturbances/)
- [bark beetle](https://foresteurope.org/tag/bark-beetle/)
- [spruce](https://foresteurope.org/tag/spruce/)
- [drought](https://foresteurope.org/tag/drought/)
- [climate change](https://foresteurope.org/tag/climate-change/)
- [forest sector](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forest-sector/)
- [war](https://foresteurope.org/tag/war/)
- [timber](https://foresteurope.org/tag/timber/)
- [economy](https://foresteurope.org/tag/economy/)
- [resilience](https://foresteurope.org/tag/resilience/)
- [innovation](https://foresteurope.org/tag/innovation/)
- [germany](https://foresteurope.org/tag/germany/)
- [biocities](https://foresteurope.org/tag/biocities/)
- [forum](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forum/)
- [windstorm](https://foresteurope.org/tag/windstorm/)
- [crisis management](https://foresteurope.org/tag/crisis-management/)
- [pedagogics](https://foresteurope.org/tag/pedagogics/)
- [risk prevention](https://foresteurope.org/tag/risk-prevention/)
- [sfm](https://foresteurope.org/tag/sfm/)
- [policymakers](https://foresteurope.org/tag/policymakers/)
- [collaboration](https://foresteurope.org/tag/collaboration/)
- [windstorms](https://foresteurope.org/tag/windstorms/)
- [women](https://foresteurope.org/tag/women/)
- [technology](https://foresteurope.org/tag/technology/)
- [industry](https://foresteurope.org/tag/industry/)
- [indicators](https://foresteurope.org/tag/indicators/)
- [Arnsberg](https://foresteurope.org/tag/arnsberg/)
- [genetic](https://foresteurope.org/tag/genetic/)
- [epigenetics](https://foresteurope.org/tag/epigenetics/)
- [forestry sector](https://foresteurope.org/tag/forestry-sector/)
- [mistletoe](https://foresteurope.org/tag/mistletoe/)
- [soil evaporation](https://foresteurope.org/tag/soil-evaporation/)
- [rain](https://foresteurope.org/tag/rain/)
- [freising](https://foresteurope.org/tag/freising/)
- [training](https://foresteurope.org/tag/training/)
- [report](https://foresteurope.org/tag/report/)
- [implementation](https://foresteurope.org/tag/implementation/)
- [ministerial documents](https://foresteurope.org/tag/ministerial-documents/)

## Types Of FES

- [Waste treatment (water purification)](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/waste-treatment-water-purification/)
- [Water supply](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/water-supply/)
- [Climate regulation (incl. C sequestration)](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/climate-regulation-incl-c-sequestration/)
- [Lifecycle maintenance](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/lifecycle-maintenance/)
- [Aesthetic information](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/aesthetic-information/)
- [Air purification](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/air-purification/)
- [Biological control](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/biological-control/)
- [Disturbance prevention or moderation](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/disturbance-prevention-or-moderation/)
- [Erosion prevention](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/erosion-prevention/)
- [Genetic resources](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/genetic-resources/)
- [Information for cognitive development](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/information-for-cognitive-development/)
- [Inspiration for culture, art & design](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/inspiration-for-culture-art-design/)
- [Maintaining soil fertility](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/maintaining-soil-fertility/)
- [Maintenance of genetic diversity (especially in gene pool protection)](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/maintenance-of-genetic-diversity-especially-in-gene-pool-protection/)
- [Pollination](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/pollination/)
- [Recreation & Tourism](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/recreation-tourism/)
- [Regulation of water flows](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/regulation-of-water-flows/)
- [Spiritual experience](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/spiritual-experience/)
- [Raw materials](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/raw-materials/)
- [Food / Raw materials](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/food-raw-materials/)

## Types Of Financial Mechanism

- [Private payment mechanisms](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/private-payment-mechanisms/)
- [Certification](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/certification/)
- [Conservation banks](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/conservation-banks/)
- [Credit programmes](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/credit-programmes/)
- [Donations](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/donations/)
- [Sponsorship](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/sponsorship/)
- [Public payment mechanisms](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/public-payment-mechanisms/)
- [Public duties or taxes](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/public-duties-or-taxes/)
- [Public-private payment mechanisms](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/public-private-payment-mechanisms/)
- [Direct acquisition of goods or services](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/direct-acquisition-of-goods-or-services/)
- [Subsidies](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/subsidies/)
- [Land lease](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/land-lease/)
- [Cap-and-trade scheme](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/cap-and-trade-scheme/)

## Types Of FES

- [Provisioning Services](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/provisioning-services/)
- [Regulating Services](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/regulating-services/)
- [Habitat Services](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/habitat-services/)
- [Cultural & Amenity Services](https://foresteurope.org/type_of_fes/cultural-amenity-services/)

## FES Methods

- [Raw Materials](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/raw-materials/)
- [Food / Raw materials](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/food-raw-materials/)
- [Water supply](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/water-supply/)
- [Genetic resources](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/genetic-resources/)
- [Biological control](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/biological-control/)
- [Regulation of water flows](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/regulation-of-water-flows/)
- [Disturbance prevention or moderation](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/disturbance-prevention-or-moderation/)
- [Waste treatment (water purification)](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/waste-treatment-water-purification/)
- [Air purification](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/air-purification/)
- [Climate regulation (incl. C sequestration)](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/climate-regulation-incl-c-sequestration/)
- [Erosion prevention](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/erosion-prevention/)
- [Maintaining soil fertility](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/maintaining-soil-fertility/)
- [Pollination](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/pollination/)
- [Maintenance of genetic diversity (especially in gene pool protection)](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/maintenance-of-genetic-diversity-especially-in-gene-pool-protection/)
- [Lifecycle maintenance](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/lifecycle-maintenance/)
- [Spiritual experience](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/spiritual-experience/)
- [Inspiration for culture, art & design](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/inspiration-for-culture-art-design/)
- [Recreation & Tourism](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/recreation-tourism/)
- [Aesthetic information](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/aesthetic-information/)
- [Information for cognitive development](https://foresteurope.org/fes_method/information-for-cognitive-development/)

## Event Categories

- [Sustainable Forest Management](https://foresteurope.org/events/category/sustainable-forest-management/) - For Sustainable Forest Management
- [SoEF 2025](https://foresteurope.org/events/category/soef-2025/)
- [Ministerial Conference](https://foresteurope.org/events/category/ministerial-conference/)

## Green Jobs Categories

- [Area 1](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/area-1/)
- [Area 2](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/area-2/)
- [Area 3](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/area-3/)
- [Area 4](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/area-4/)
- [Area 5](https://foresteurope.org/green_jobs/area-5/)

## Publications Categories

- [resolution](https://foresteurope.org/publications/resolution/)
- [Ministerial Conference](https://foresteurope.org/publications/ministerial-conference/)
- [declaration](https://foresteurope.org/publications/declaration/)
- [genetics](https://foresteurope.org/publications/genetics/)
- [forest risk](https://foresteurope.org/publications/forest-risk/)
- [adaptation](https://foresteurope.org/publications/adaptation/)
- [forest management](https://foresteurope.org/publications/forest-management/)
- [climate change](https://foresteurope.org/publications/climate-change/)
- [green jobs](https://foresteurope.org/publications/green-jobs/)
- [policy brief](https://foresteurope.org/publications/policy-brief/)
- [State of Europe's Forests](https://foresteurope.org/publications/state-of-europes-forests/)
- [afforestation](https://foresteurope.org/publications/afforestation/)
- [reforestation](https://foresteurope.org/publications/reforestation/)
- [biodiversity](https://foresteurope.org/publications/biodiversity/)
- [decision](https://foresteurope.org/publications/decision/)
- [mandate](https://foresteurope.org/publications/mandate/)
- [workshop report](https://foresteurope.org/publications/workshop-report/)
- [pilot studies](https://foresteurope.org/publications/pilot-studies/)
- [work programme](https://foresteurope.org/publications/work-programme/)
- [implementation report](https://foresteurope.org/publications/implementation-report/)
- [proceedings](https://foresteurope.org/publications/proceedings/)
- [forest services](https://foresteurope.org/publications/forest-services/)
- [forest education](https://foresteurope.org/publications/forest-education/)
- [Background paper](https://foresteurope.org/publications/background-paper/)